Conditioning

Question 1

Learning

Answer 1

Any process through which experience at one time can alter an individual’s behaviour at a future time

Question 2

Experience

Answer 2

Any effects of the enviornment that are mediated by individuals sensory systems

Question 3

Classical Conditioning

Answer 3

A learning process that creates new reflexes.

Reflexes: simple relitively automatic stimulus response produced by nervous system

Question 4

Habitation

Answer 4

A decline in the magnitude of a reflective response when a stimulus is repeated several times in succession

Ex. Ever decreasing response to jump scares followed by no response to it

Question 5

Classical Conditioning Procedure

Answer 5

A neutral stimulus initially does not elicit a response. But after it is paired with an unconditioned stimulus for several tries it becomes a conditioned stimulus and does elicit a response.

Question 6

Extinction

Answer 6

When conditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without addition of unconditioned stimulus the conditioned response decreases until it is entirely gone

When reinforcement of behaviour ceases and thus behaviour no longer occurs

Question 7

Spontaneous Recovery

Answer 7

Mere passage of time following extinction can partly renew conditioned response

Question 8

Single Pairing

Answer 8

A single pairing of conditioned stimulus with unconditioned stimulus (or reinforcement/punishment with behavior) can fully renew the conditioned response following extinction

Question 9

Generalization

Answer 9

Showing conditioned response to a new stimuli that is similar to the conditioned stimulus.

Magnitude of conditioned response depends on degree of similarity between the new stimuli and the original.

Shows understanding for conceptualisation and of subject similarity.

• surf is more similar to wave than serf
• pigeons understand the concept of a tree when compeletly different ones are shown than the ones originally reinforced with

Question 10

Discrimination Training

Answer 10

Generalization between 2 stimulus is abolished if response to one is reinforced while the other is extinguished

Question 11

Behaviorism

Answer 11

Focuses on the relationship between observable events in enviornment (stimuli) and observable behavioral reactions to those events (responses)

Question 12

Stimulus-Responss Theory

Answer 12

Unconditioned stimulus -> response
Conditioned stimulus -> response

Ex. Rats freeze when there is a light because direct learned connection between light and freezing

Question 13

Stimulus-Stimulus Theory

Answer 13

Conditioned stimulus -> mental representation of unconditioned stimulus -> response

Ex. Rats freeze because of learned connection between light and a loud sound

Question 14

Predictive Value of Conditioned Stimulus

Answer 14

Conditioning is dependent on predictability, since response to conditioned stimulus is depended on Expectancy (theory) of receiving unconditioned stimulus.

1. Conditioned stimulus must precise unconditioned stimulus
2. Conditioned stimulus must signal heightened probability of occurrence of unconditioned stimulus
3. Conditioning is ineffective if animal already has a good predictor

Question 15

Evaluative Conditioning

Answer 15

Changes in strength of liking/disliking of a stimulus is a result of it being paired with another positive or negative stimulus

Question 16

Law of Effect

Answer 16

Edward Lee Thompson

Responses that produce as satisfying effect in a particular situation become more likely to occur again in that situation, while responses that produce a discomforting effect become less likely to occur again in that situation.

Question 17

Operate Response

Answer 17

Any behavioural act that has some effect on the environment

Question 18

Operate Conditioning

Answer 18

The process by which the effect of an operate response change the likelihood of the response’s reoccurance

Question 19

Reinforcer

Answer 19

A stimulus change that follows an operate response and increases the frequency of that response happening again

Increases the likelihood of reoccurance

Question 20

Conditioned Reinforcers

Answer 20

Stimuli that have reinforcing values only because if previous knowledge

Ex. Money only has a reinforcing value for us to want to work because we know what money can get us

Question 21

Operate vs Classical Conditioning

Answer 21

Operate: individual emits a behaviour that has some effect on the environment

Classical: a stimulus elicits a response from the individual

Question 22

Shaping

Answer 22

Successively closer approximations to desired response are reinforced until desired response fully occurs and can then be reinforced

(Reinforcer can only come after subject makes desired response, but if they never do then there can never be a reinforcer.)

Question 23

Continuous Reinforcement

Answer 23

Response is always reinforced

Used while first training

Question 24

Partial Reinforcement

Answer 24

Response only sometimes produces reinforcement

To maintain

Question 25

Fixed-Ratio Schedule

Answer 25

Reinforcer occurs every x response X= any whole number greater than 1

Question 26

Variable-Ratio Schedule

Answer 26

Number of responses required for reinforcement varies unpredictability around some average

Question 27

Fixed-Interval Schedule

Answer 27

Fixed period of time must elapse between one reinforced response and the next, with ant response happening before that time has elapsed not being reinforced

Question 28

Variable-Interval Schedule

Answer 28

Period that must elapse before response is reinforced varies unpredictability around an average

Question 29

Positive Reinforcement

Answer 29

When ARRIVAL of some stimulus following a response makes the response more likely to occur again

Question 30

Negative Reinforcement

Answer 30

When REMOVAL of some stimulus following a response makes the response more likely to occur again - reinforcing stimulus disappears as result of operate response - not the same as punishment

Question 31

Punishment

Answer 31

Process through which the consequences of a response decreases the likelihood that the response will reoccur Decrease the likelihood of reoccurance - opposite of reinforcement

Question 32

Positive Punishment

Answer 32

ARRIVAL of stimulus decreases likelihood response will occur again Ex. Being yelled at

Question 33

Negative Punishment

Answer 33

REMOVAL of stimulus decreases likelihood of response occuring again Ex. Taking food away

Question 34

Operate Discrimination Training

Answer 34

Procedure to reinforce response when specific stimulus is presented and extinguishes responses when it is absent

Question 35

Discrimination Stimuli

Answer 35

The stimuli presented to reinforce response and to extinguish response when it is not present

Question 36

Overjustification Effect

Answer 36

When a reward provides an unnecessary extra justification for engaging in a behaviour, and thus decreases engagement in that behaviour once reward is removed. The reward causes behaviour to seem like work, rather than engaging in said behaviour for its own sake. If reward had not been implemented behaviour may not have been as high to begin with, but would not stop completely.

Question 37

Imitative Learning

Answer 37

When a model performs a specific behaviour that is unlikely to be performed if not previously observed, and the observer reproduces those behaviours identically

Question 38

Inhibitory Process

Answer 38

Process/response Any phenomena in behaviour that prevents or blocks actions that are problematic for the individual

Question 39

Expectancy Theory

Answer 39

Mental representation (having conditioned response to conditioned stimulus due to imagining the unconditioned stimulus) is understood as expectancy of unconditioned stimulus. We need to be able to predict something, and through classical condition we are able to predict something through presentation of conditioned stimulus.