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MCBM Exam 3 > Connective Tissue - Boros > Flashcards

Connective Tissue - Boros Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two major roles of connective tissue?

A

Fluid dynamics

Inflammatory response

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2
Q

What is interstitial fluid?

A

Fluid that exits the blood vascular system through the capillaries

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3
Q

What is the function of the interstitial fluid?

A

Delivers nutrients to cells

Carries waste material from the cells

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4
Q

What causes fluid to leak out of the capillaries?

A

Hydrostatic pressure

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5
Q

What substances are carried along into the interstitial space?

A

Small molecular weight substances

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6
Q

In hydrostatic pressure, what is the driving force?

A

Fluid

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7
Q

In osmotic pressure, what is the driving force?

A

Particles

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8
Q

Where is hydrostatic pressure reduced?

A

In the venules

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9
Q

Where is osmotic pressure higher, the venules or the arterioles?

A

Higher in venules as a result of fluid loss from the capillaries

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10
Q

Why doesn’t all fluid return to the blood vascular system?

A

Blind-end lymphatic capillaries

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11
Q

When does tissue fluid become lymph?

A

After it enters the lymphatic system

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12
Q

What is edema?

A

Excess tissue fluid present in the connective tissue spaces

Imbalance of fluid dynamics

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13
Q

What are the two possible etiologies for edema?

A

Increased formation of tissue fluid

Decreased resorption of tissue fluid

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14
Q

What might cause increased formation of tissue fluid?

A

Increased hydrostatic pressure in capillaries
Increased permeability of capillary endothelium leaking blood colloids
Ex. Venous obstruction, thrombosis, cardiac faliure

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15
Q

What might cause decreased resorption of tissue fluid?

A

Lowered blood colloids, lowering osmotic pressure
Lymphatic obstruction
Ex. Kidney disease, lymphatic obstruction, tumors

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16
Q

What are the two classifications of inflammation?

A

Acute

Chronic

17
Q

How long does acute inflammation last?

A

3-4 days

18
Q

When does chronic inflammation occur?

A

Following acute inflammation if the causal agent is not removed

19
Q

How long does chronic inflammation last?

A

Months to years

20
Q

What are the 3 stages of the Lewis Triple Response?

A

Flush
Flare
Wheal

21
Q

What causes the Lewis flush?

A 
Dilation of capillaries and venules
Histamine release (mast cells)
22
Q

What causes the Lewis flare?

A

Dilation of arterioles - due to axonal reflex, perpetuated by histamine and protaglandins

23
Q

What causes the Lewis wheal?

A

Fluid and large molecular weight substances leaking out of the capillaries and venules

24
Q

What are the 5 cardinal signs of inflammation?

A 
Heat (calor)
Redness (rubor)
Pain (dolor)
Swelling (tumor)
Loss of function (functio laesa)
25
Q

What are the 2 purposes of inflammation?

A

Dilute toxins

Allow leukocytes and antibodies to access extravascular spaces

26
Q

What are the stages of inflammation?

A
  1. Transient vasoconstriction
  2. Vasodilation
  3. Increased permeability
  4. Stasis
27
Q

Vasodilation as a result of inflammation starts in ___ ___ first, then moves to ___.

A

Capillary beds

Arterioles

28
Q

What causes increased permeability in the inflammation response?

A

Chemical mediators

29
Q

What does increased permeability cause to happen in the inflammatory response?

A

An outpouring of protein-rich fluid into the extravascular spaces

30
Q

The increased permeability that comes with inflammation leads to what?

A

Increased concentration of red blood cells

31
Q

What occurs in the stasis phase of inflammation?

A

Increased margination of WBCs, thus increased diapedesis (WBSs moving out of the blood vessels)

32
Q

What are the vasoactive amines?

A

Histamine

Serotonin

33
Q

What do vasoactive polypeptides do?

A

Breakdown products of proteins and tissues (kallikrein and bradykinin)

34
Q

What other agents influence inflammation?

A 
Toxins from bacteria
Prostaglandins (from endothelial cells)
Lysosomal enzymes (from neutrophils)
Products of DNA and RNA breakdown
Antigen-antibody complexes
35
Q

What are the cellular evens of acute inflammation?

A

Emigration of neutrophils
Some emigration of monoyctes (turn into macrophages)
Phagocytosis and release of enzymes by neutrophils and macrophages
Cell death of leukocytes and bacteria
Pus formation (if pygenic bacteria are present)
Lots of eosinophils if an allergic reaction

36
Q

What are the highlights of chronic inflammation?

A

Reductions in number of neutrophils

Appearance of lymphocytes and plasma cells

MCBM Exam 3 (9 decks)

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