Connective Tissue - Boros

Question 1

What are the two major roles of connective tissue?

Answer 1

Fluid dynamics

Inflammatory response

Question 2

What is interstitial fluid?

Answer 2

Fluid that exits the blood vascular system through the capillaries

Question 3

What is the function of the interstitial fluid?

Answer 3

Delivers nutrients to cells

Carries waste material from the cells

Question 4

What causes fluid to leak out of the capillaries?

Answer 4

Hydrostatic pressure

Question 5

What substances are carried along into the interstitial space?

Answer 5

Small molecular weight substances

Question 6

In hydrostatic pressure, what is the driving force?

Answer 6

Fluid

Question 7

In osmotic pressure, what is the driving force?

Answer 7

Particles

Question 8

Where is hydrostatic pressure reduced?

Answer 8

In the venules

Question 9

Where is osmotic pressure higher, the venules or the arterioles?

Answer 9

Higher in venules as a result of fluid loss from the capillaries

Question 10

Why doesn’t all fluid return to the blood vascular system?

Answer 10

Blind-end lymphatic capillaries

Question 11

When does tissue fluid become lymph?

Answer 11

After it enters the lymphatic system

Question 12

What is edema?

Answer 12

Excess tissue fluid present in the connective tissue spaces

Imbalance of fluid dynamics

Question 13

What are the two possible etiologies for edema?

Answer 13

Increased formation of tissue fluid

Decreased resorption of tissue fluid

Question 14

What might cause increased formation of tissue fluid?

Answer 14

Increased hydrostatic pressure in capillaries
Increased permeability of capillary endothelium leaking blood colloids
Ex. Venous obstruction, thrombosis, cardiac faliure

Question 15

What might cause decreased resorption of tissue fluid?

Answer 15

Lowered blood colloids, lowering osmotic pressure
Lymphatic obstruction
Ex. Kidney disease, lymphatic obstruction, tumors

Question 16

What are the two classifications of inflammation?

Answer 16

Acute

Chronic

Question 17

How long does acute inflammation last?

Answer 17

3-4 days

Question 18

When does chronic inflammation occur?

Answer 18

Following acute inflammation if the causal agent is not removed

Question 19

How long does chronic inflammation last?

Answer 19

Months to years

Question 20

What are the 3 stages of the Lewis Triple Response?

Answer 20

Flush
Flare
Wheal

Question 21

What causes the Lewis flush?

Answer 21

Dilation of capillaries and venules
Histamine release (mast cells)

Question 22

What causes the Lewis flare?

Answer 22

Dilation of arterioles - due to axonal reflex, perpetuated by histamine and protaglandins

Question 23

What causes the Lewis wheal?

Answer 23

Fluid and large molecular weight substances leaking out of the capillaries and venules

Question 24

What are the 5 cardinal signs of inflammation?

Answer 24

Heat (calor)
Redness (rubor)
Pain (dolor)
Swelling (tumor)
Loss of function (functio laesa)

Question 25

What are the 2 purposes of inflammation?

Answer 25

Dilute toxins | Allow leukocytes and antibodies to access extravascular spaces

Question 26

What are the stages of inflammation?

Answer 26

1. Transient vasoconstriction 2. Vasodilation 3. Increased permeability 4. Stasis

Question 27

Vasodilation as a result of inflammation starts in ___ ___ first, then moves to ___.

Answer 27

Capillary beds | Arterioles

Question 28

What causes increased permeability in the inflammation response?

Answer 28

Chemical mediators

Question 29

What does increased permeability cause to happen in the inflammatory response?

Answer 29

An outpouring of protein-rich fluid into the extravascular spaces

Question 30

The increased permeability that comes with inflammation leads to what?

Answer 30

Increased concentration of red blood cells

Question 31

What occurs in the stasis phase of inflammation?

Answer 31

Increased margination of WBCs, thus increased diapedesis (WBSs moving out of the blood vessels)

Question 32

What are the vasoactive amines?

Answer 32

Histamine | Serotonin

Question 33

What do vasoactive polypeptides do?

Answer 33

Breakdown products of proteins and tissues (kallikrein and bradykinin)

Question 34

What other agents influence inflammation?

Answer 34

``` Toxins from bacteria Prostaglandins (from endothelial cells) Lysosomal enzymes (from neutrophils) Products of DNA and RNA breakdown Antigen-antibody complexes ```

Question 35

What are the cellular evens of acute inflammation?

Answer 35

Emigration of neutrophils Some emigration of monoyctes (turn into macrophages) Phagocytosis and release of enzymes by neutrophils and macrophages Cell death of leukocytes and bacteria Pus formation (if pygenic bacteria are present) Lots of eosinophils if an allergic reaction

Question 36

What are the highlights of chronic inflammation?

Answer 36

Reductions in number of neutrophils | Appearance of lymphocytes and plasma cells