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DPT 503 > Connective Tissue Physiology > Flashcards

Connective Tissue Physiology Flashcards

(55 cards)

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1
Q

connective tissues

A

fibrous connective tissue, adipose tissue, cartilage, bone, blood

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2
Q

functions of connective tissue

A

binds: ligaments (bone to bone) and tendons (muscle to bone)

supports: framework for organs and body as a whole (bone)

protects: protection against external environment and repairs (adipose)

insulates: adipose

transports substances: wastes and nutrients

major site of stored energy: adipose tissue (fatty acid can be mobilized and become pre-fatty acid and used as a big source of energy)

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3
Q

mesenchyme

A

precursore cell/origin

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4
Q

-blast

A

premature form of connective tissue that will differentiate into a -cyte

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5
Q

-cyte

A

mature form of connective tissue cells

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6
Q

can connective tissue cells de-differentiate?

A

yes!

mobilization=differentiation

immobilization=de-differentiate

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7
Q

3 primary germ layers

A

ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm

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8
Q

ectoderm

A

outer germ layer

nerve tissue

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9
Q

mesoderm

A

middle germ layer

muscle and connective tissue

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10
Q

endoderm

A

inner germ layer

inner lining of digestive system

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11
Q

what layer(s) do(es) epithelial tissue (mesenchymal cells) come from?

A

all 3 germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm)

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12
Q

aging tissues

A

thinning epithelia

less effective tissue repair

tissue atrophy (smaller thinner mass)-osteoporosis

DNA mutation (greater cancer risk)

cartilage doesn’t repair well (even when young)

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13
Q

tendons

A

parallel arrangement

lower metabolism (limited vasculature=longer healing)

muscle to bone

unidirectional tension

less type 3 and more type 1 collagen than ligaments
- greater dynamic capabilities
- has to resist greater tensile force

has tendon sheath (tenosynovium)
- mostly type 3 collagen (cushion)
- protects tendon from friction

functions:
- shock absorption: dissipates forces from muscle to bone
- stabilize joints (compression or restriction of translation)
- contributes to length-tension relationship and maintaining optimal muscle length (stretched muscle can generate more force)

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14
Q

ligaments

A

interlaced arrangement
- densely packed fibers in multiple directions

fibers in line with tensile forces

greater metabolism (has vasculature)

bone to bone

most often joint surfaces

heterozygous:
- 10-20% cells (mainly fibroblasts)
- 80-90% ECM
–> mostly type 1 collagen (high tensile strength) and some type 3
–> amount of elastin=very little stretch

functions: mechanical stability, guide and restrain movement, prevents unnecessary translation by compressing joint surfaces

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15
Q

ligaments and tendons have an active or passive role in motion?

A

passive

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16
Q

myotendinous junctions

A

where muscles meet tendons

interdigitation b/w collagen fibers and muscles
-reduced load/immobilization=flatter and decreased=decreased function of transmitting tensile forces
–> start with low load/resistance

very sensitive to mechanical condition

function: transmitting/ dissipating tensile force from muscle to bone

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17
Q

entheses

A

insertion area for joint capsule, ligaments, and tendons on bone

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18
Q

direct attachment

A

via fibrocartilage

common site for degenerative change

perpendicular to bone=more likely a direct insertion

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19
Q

indirect attachment

A

via fibrous attachment

blend into periosteum (outer bone)

Sharpey’s fibers serve as “roots”

parallel to bones=more likely indirect insertion

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20
Q

direct insertion zones

A

zone 1: end of tendon/ligament
zone 2: uncalcified fibrocartilage
zone 3: calcified fibrocartilage
zone 4: merge into cortical bone

tidemark differentiates bone and fibrocartilage

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21
Q

ligament and tendon immobilization

A

water loss=shrinking

random arrangement of fibers

stiffer tissues=break easier w/little stress

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22
Q

stress

A

amount of force imparted on tissue

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23
Q

strain

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A

amount of deformation of tissue upon stress

24
Q

stiffness

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A

ability to resist deformation (strain) when stress is applied

25
compliance
opposite of stiffness tissue can be easily changed
26
stress strain curve
shows relationship b/w stress and strain as a curve curve changes depending on material of tissue - increased cross sectional area= thicker=stiffer=more vertical curve - longer tissue=more compliant=more horizontal curve
27
toe region
initiation of the force beginning of fibril stretch
28
elastic region
linear relationship b/w stress and strain tissue returns to normal length when the stress is removed normal day-to-day activities
29
yield point
some ruptures in some fibers begin
30
plastic region
microfailure of collagen fibers trigger synthesis of new components no return to normal length when stress is removed Therapeutic region some pain, but no surgery required
31
ultimate stress/stress
beyond this point=rupture/fracture macrofailure
32
macrofailure
complete failure of all tissues
33
tendon vs ligament stress strain curve
- tendon: more vertical=stiffer bc of more type 1 collagen (high tensile strength) - ligament: more horizontal=more compliant
34
viscoelasticity
viscocity: resistance to deformation/flow - honey=high - water=low - depends on proteoglycans and water composition - time dependent: increase/decrease w/time - rate and temp dependent: increase temp=decreased viscocity, slow load= decreased viscocity elasticity: - ability to return to og length/shape after removal of load - depends on collagen and elastin content and organization
35
time and rate dependent properties
creep and stress-relaxation
36
creep
CONTINUED DEFORMATION of tissues over time with CONSTANT STRESS after initial elastic response has occurred gradual return to shape once stress is removed clinical: stretching shortened muscle-exert constant force and over time will feel less resistance
37
stress-relaxation
when tissue is stretched to FIXED LENGTH (CONSTANT STRAIN), the stress required to maintain the length decreases over time feeling of resistance lessens over time
38
fast loading
increased creep and stress relaxation stiff muscles (larger force needed to deform the tissues) more vertical curve
39
hysteresis
when viscoelastic material is loaded/unloaded, the unloading curve is different from the loading curve. the difference b/w the 2 curves=energy dissipated (usually heat)=decreased viscocity as tissue changes length and is heated w/repeated stretches, higher loads are tolerated in subsequent reps failure load (ultimate stress) increases giving more wiggle room b4 rupture which makes the exercises safer
40
factors that affect mechanical behavior
maturation and aging - maturation: increased collagen=stiffer=can resist increased stress w/less strain -aging: decreased collagen=more brittle=more susceptible to stress pregnancy and postpartum - increased laxity mobilization/immobilization - mobilization: stronger and stiffer w/stress --> exercise increases tensile strength - immobilization: decreased tensile strength=break with less stress
41
functions of articular cartilage
produce smooth, lubricious surface for decreased friction transfer load to subchondral bone
42
nutrition of articular cartilage
avascular: relies on diffusion of synovial fluid for its nutrient supply and waste removal compression=efflux NWB=influx no influx/efflux=no waste removal/nutrients incoming to maintain cartilage health, you need to exercise for repetitive compression and relaxation
43
cartilage responses to compression
reduces cartilage volume and increases pressure=efflux of interstitial fluid eventually the stress balances the applies load thicker=more resistance to compression
44
responses to tension
dif zones behave dif - stiffer in superficial (tangential) zone
45
responses to shear
no volume changes=no interstitial fluid flow higher collagen=lower friction
46
types of cartilage growth
interstitial growth and appositional growth
47
interstitial growth
growth within growth through mitotic division of existing chondrocytes (new matrix made within cartilage) occurs in immature cartilage (high tissue mass at epiphyseal plates and articular surfaces)
48
appositional growth
growth on the surface new cartilage laid down at the surface of perichondrium (chondroblasts for ECM and develop into mature chondrocytes) occurs in mature cartilage
49
articular cartilage degeneration
magnitude of stresses duration of stresses changes in molecular and microscopic structures: - loss of superficial cartilage fibers=increased permeability=lost fluid changes in mechanical properties: - lose ability to resist forces
50
interfacial wear of cartilage
bearing surfaces in direct contact increased permeability, decreased lubrication occurs in damaged/degenerated joints
51
fatigue wear of cartilage
low loads over long period
52
impact loading
rapid application of high loads insufficient time for interstitial fluid redistribution to relieve the compacted region opposite of fatigue wear
53
endochondral ossification
not degeneration replacement of calcified layer of articular cartilage maturation/growth aging calcification occurs w/in chondroid
54
aging of cartilage
abnormal mechanical stresses and inflammatory cytokines thinning of superficial cartilage - osteoarthritis: repetitive or high loads causing thinning of superficial layer of cartilage)
55
articular cartilage repair/regeneration
little to no repair capacity upon injury depends on interstitial growth (division of chondryocytes w/in cartilage) and ability of chondrocytes to synthesize and maintain ECM aging cartilage is even more limited in ability to repair

DPT 503 (22 decks)

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