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DPT 503 > Autonomic Nervous System > Flashcards

Autonomic Nervous System Flashcards

(62 cards)

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1
Q

what are the divisions of the ANS?

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions

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2
Q

what is the role of the ANS?

A

homeostasis

reproduction

regulates viscera, vasculature, and glands

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3
Q

what are the ANS receptors?

A

mechanoreceptors (pressure and stretch)
- pressure receptors: aorta, carotid sinus, lungs
- stretch receptors: veins, bladder, intestines

chemoreceptors (chemical changes)
- carotid and aortic bodies: oxygen
- medulla: H+ and CO2 (breathing)
- hypothalamus: plasma glucose, electrolytes

thermoreceptors (temp changes)
- hypothalamus: internal temp
- cutaneous receptors: external temp

nociceptors (pain)
- viscera, arterial walls

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4
Q

what are the afferent pathways of the ANS?

A

dorsal roots to SC

CN 9 and 10 to BS

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5
Q

afferent pathways from dorsal roots to SC

A

from muscles, vessels, or intestines to SC

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6
Q

afferent pathways from CN 9, 10 to BS

A

only CNs transmitting info from viscera to brain

CN 9: info from larynx and pharynx

CN 10: info from aortic arch, bronchii, and liver

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7
Q

what do the visceral afferents entering the BS via CNs go through?

A

the solitary nucleus

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8
Q

what is the solitary nucleus?

A

the main visceral sensory nucleus in the brain

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9
Q

from the solitary nucleus, what 2 areas can the visceral afferents be conveyed to?

A

visceral control area

regulatory area

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10
Q

what is the visceral control area?

A

in the medulla and pons

direct control of vital functions

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11
Q

what is the regulatory area?

A

in hypothalamus and limbic system

emotions and motivation

no direct control over vital functions, but can modulate them

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12
Q

what do the visceral afferents connect to?

A

visceral controls area

regulatory area

visceral (sympathetic) efferents

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13
Q

what additional areas do nociceptive afferents connect to?

A

somatosensory nociceptive tracts (contributing to referred pain)

somatic efferents (muscle guarding)

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14
Q

what is referred pain?

A

pain felt at a site different from the injured organ/body part

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15
Q

what is central regulation of autonomic function? what contributes to it?

A

efferents of the ANS

hypothalamus

medulla

pons

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16
Q

what is the role of the hypothalamus in central regulation of autonomic function?

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic headquarters

master controller of homeostasis

hypothalamospinal and hypothalamobulbar tracts

direct action on pons and medulla

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17
Q

what is the role of the medulla in central regulation of autonomic function?

A

processing center for complex visceral reflexes (sympathetic and parasympathetic)

HR, respiration, vasoconstriction/dilation via autonomic efferents and vagus nerve

coughing, swallowing, vasomotor, and cardiac centers

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18
Q

what is the role of the pons in central regulation of autonomic function?

A

respiration

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19
Q

what is the role of the limbic system with the thalamus?

A

emotions and sensory input
- anxious=increased HR
- embarrassed=blushing

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20
Q

what is integration of central and peripheral receptor info for autonomic regulation?

A

checks and balances on ANS changes like respiration

ex: central and peripheral chemoreceptors adjust respiration when medulla detects CO2 and pH of blood
- high CO2, low pH=increased respiration and depth

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21
Q

what are the 2 main CNS outputs? (efferents)

A

somatic motor: skeletal muscle

autonomic: everything else

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22
Q

somatic motor division of the CNS output

A

skeletal muscles

voluntary/conscious

1 neuron system

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23
Q

autonomic division of the CNS output

A

everything else that isn’t skeletal muscle

usually 2 neurons system (1 exception)

hormonal influence

nonconscious

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24
Q

what are the 2 efferent divisions of the ANS?

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic

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25
what is the sympathetic division?
fight or flight adrenergic (E, NE) thoraco-lumbar efferent (T1-L2)
26
what is the parasympathetic division of the ANS?
rest and digest cholinergic (ACh) cranio-sacral efferents
27
what is the 2 neuron system?
CNS--> ganglion--> effector organ in periphery
28
what is a ganglion?
a group of cells bodies
29
what is the preganglionic neuron?
before the synapse in the ganglion
30
what is the postganglionic neuron?
the soma is in the ganglion and the axon goes into the periphery
31
cholinergic autonomic efferents
all preganglionic neurons synapse on postganglionic receptors that are ACh/nicotinic and result in EPSP sympathetic efferents to the heart and blood vessels and apocrine sweat glands have adrenergic receptors sympathetic efferents to eccrine sweat glands have muscarinic receptors parasympathetic efferents to glands, smooth muscles, heart, and airways have muscarinic receptors and can lead to EPSP or IPSP
32
apocrine sweat glands
nervous sweating
33
eccrine sweat glands
temp regulation
34
what are the neurotransmitters of the ANS?
epinephrine and norepinephrine
35
what are the adrenergic receptors subtypes?
alpha 1 and 2 and beta 1 and 2
36
what targets have adrenergic receptors?
sympathetic postganglionic neurons innervating heart, blood vessels sympathetic postganglionic neurons from the adrenal medulla
37
where are alpha adrenergic receptors?
arterioles in peripheral smooth muscles and small amounts in the heart and bronchiole muscles
38
sympathetic efferents
thoracolumbar outflow innervate thoracic viscera and periphery innervate abdominal and pelvic organs innervate adrenal medulla
39
sympathetic efferents in the thoracic viscera and periphery
synapse in paravertebral ganglia (sympathetic trunk) travel up and down the sympathetic trunk
40
sympathetic efferents in the abdominal organs
synapse near the target organs-pass the trunk w/o synapsing splanchnic nerve stomach, liver, pancreas, intestines
41
sympathetic efferents in the adrenal medulla
specialized sympathetic ganglion secrete NE/E in the bloodstream
42
sympathetic efferents traveling the paravertebral ganglia
vasculature of limbs, face and upper/lower extremities
43
sympathetic control of optimal blood supply in organs
optimize blood supply in organs -stimulate smooth muscle in artery walls--> vasoconstriction (sit to stand, threat/fear) regulate blood supply in skeletal muscle - prevents blood pooling by causing vasoconstriction orthostatic hypotension, syncope
44
running away
vasoconstrict stomach and GI system vasodilate muscles
45
supine to standing
pooling of blood in legs prevented by vasoconstriction in legs to keep you from fainting when standing up
46
sympathetic control of temp
effects on metabolism effects on skin
47
sympathetic control of temp: what is the effect on metabolism?
adrenal medulla releases epinephrine into the bloodstream and this increases the metabolic rate
48
sympathetic control of temp: what is the effect on skin?
diameter of blood vessels, secretion of sweat, and piloerection cold: NE binds to alpha adrenergic receptors in skin arterioles hot: activation of eccrine sweat glands
49
sympathetic control of blood flow and temp in the head
pupillary dilation assist in upper eyelid elevation secretion of thick saliva-dry mouth
50
sympathetic control of the heart
beta 1 adrenergic increased HR and contractility
51
sympathetic control of the lungs
beta 2 adrenergic dilation of airways
52
sympathetic control of the GI tract
decrease blood flow slow/stop peristalsis reduce glandular secretions contract sphincters (GI and bowel and bladder)
53
parasympathetic efferents
cranio-sacral outflow CN 3, 7, 9, 10 (also go to solitary nucleus) lateral horn of S2-4 ganglia near or in target organs main purpose: energy conservation and storage no innervation to sweat glands, extremity arterioles/veins or hair cells
54
parasympathetic efferents: CN 3
pupillary constriction increase convexity of lens-focus on near object and accomodation reflex)
55
parasympathetic efferents: CN 7 and 9
thin saliva to aid digestion
56
parasympathetic efferents: CN 7
lacrimal glands-tears
57
parasympathetic efferents: CN 10
innervates heart, lungs, GI, liver, and kidney decrease HR bronchoconstriction increase peristalsis increase glycogen synthesis and glandular secretion in the liver mostly heart function 75% of CN innervation
58
sacral parasympathetic efferents
S2-4 axons travel in pelvic nerves emptying of the bowel and bladder erection of genitalia
59
bowel and bladder control: filling
sympathetic involuntary relax detrusor muscle, contract sphincter afferent doesn't have a lot of signal when full, sympathetic efferent (hypogastric nerve) orders the detrusor to be inhibited and internal sphincter to be activated T10-L2
60
bowel and bladder control: voiding
parasympathetic relax sphincter, contract detrusor muscle afferent signal says the bladder is full activate pelvic nerve--> activate detrusor, inhibit sphincter
61
what does reflexive voiding involve?
micturition reflex not yet potty trained afferent signal from bladder wall, when full it activates the micturition center of S2-4 pelvic nerve is efferent-contract detrusor
62
what does voluntary voiding involve?
potty trained needs pontine and cortical input- brain; pontine micturition center communicates w/sacral micturition center to tell it what to do pudendal nerve-voluntary motor control relaxes voluntary muscles of sphincter

DPT 503 (22 decks)

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