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DPT 503 > Lymphatic System > Flashcards

Lymphatic System Flashcards

(89 cards)

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1
Q

when does the lymphatic system begin to develop?

A

by week 5 of embryonic development

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2
Q

How does the lymphatic system arise?

A

arise as lymph sacs from developing veins

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3
Q

jugular lymph sacs arise to form …

A

right lymphatic duct and thoracic duct

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4
Q

where do all the lymphatic organs (except thymus) arise from?

A

the mesoderm

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5
Q

6 lymph sacs from which the lymphatic vessels are derived

A

jugular (paired
posterior lymph (paired)
retroperitoneal
cisterna chyli

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6
Q

cisterna chyli

A

abdominal origin of thoracic duct

about T11 or T12

formed by the union of 2 lumbar trunks and the intestinal trunk

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7
Q

all lymphoid organs (except thymus) develop from what cells?

A

mesodermal mesenchymal cells

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8
Q

poorly developed at birth T/F?

A

true

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9
Q

function of lymphatic system

A

fluid balance-returns excess fluid back to the venous system.

immune surveillance in fighting pathogens.

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10
Q

3 parts of the lymphatic system

A

network of lymphatic vessels

lymph: fluid in vessels

lymph nodes: cleanse lymph

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11
Q

lymphoid organs and tissues provide structural basis of immune system by…

A

housing phagocytic cells and lymphocytes

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12
Q

structures of the lymphatic system

A

spleen, thymus, tonsils, lymph nodes, other lymphatic tissues

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13
Q

circulation in lymphatic system

A

3L of interstitial fluid per day

75% via thoracic duct

25% via right lymphatic duct

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14
Q

what is the largest lymphatic vessel?

A

the thoracic duct

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15
Q

when does interstitial fluid become lymph

A

when it has entered the lymphatics (lymphatic capillary)

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16
Q

lymph fluid

A

proteins, water, lymphocytes, waste products of cell activity, foreign substances like cancer cells, and fats (cholesterol, vit A, D, E)

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17
Q

transport system

A

fluid comes into lymphatic capillaries and travels through body up through venous system

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18
Q

is the lymphatic system one way or two way?

A

one way: lymphatic vessles up toward heart

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19
Q

blind ended tubes

A

closed on one end

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20
Q

lymphatic capillaries

A

smallest of lymphatic vessels

absorb interstitial fluid

absent in bone, teeth, and bone marrow

larger and more permeable than blood capillaries

can take up larger molecules

has minivalves

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21
Q

lacteals

A

specialized lymph capillaries present in intestinal mucosa

absorb digested fat and deliver fatty lymph (chyle) to the blood

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22
Q

chyle

A

fatty lymph

white color bc it is lymph mixed with digestive fats

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23
Q

minivalves

A

capillary flaps overlap, filaments get stretched as fluid builds up, open flaps, and fluid comes into the capillaries and becomes lymph

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24
Q

collecting lymphatic vessels

A

larger lymphatic vessels

similar to veins with thinner walls

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25
larger lymphatic vessels
consist of vessels, trunks, and ducts
26
lymphatic trunks
formed by union of largest collecting vessels drain large areas of the body paired lumbar trunks paired bronchomediastinal trunks paired subclavian trunks paired jugular trunks single interstitial trunk
27
fluid movement
capillaries--> collecting vessels-->trunks--> ducts
28
muscle role in lymphatic flow
pulsation from arteries to deep muscles help move lymph as well
29
paired lumbar trunks
lymph from the lower extremities, lower body quadrants, external genitalia
30
paired bronchomediastinal trunks
lymph from the lungs, heart, trachea and mammary glands.
31
paired subclavian trunks
lymph from the upper extremities, upper body quadrants, shoulder region, mammary glands
32
paired jugular trunks
lymph from head and neck
33
single intestinal trunk
lymph from stomach and digestive system, liver and pancreas
34
right lymphatic duct
25% of lymphatic circulation drains right upper arm and right side of head and thorax
35
thoracic duct
largest lymphatic vessel in the body 75% of lymphatic circulation drains the rest of the body (right and left lower quadrants, left upper quadrant, left head and neck
36
lymphagitis
condition in which lymphatic vessels appear as painful red lines under the skin; inflammed lymph vessels can lead to septicemia
37
lymph transport
low pressure propelled by milking action of skeletal muscles, pressure changes in the thorax during breathing, valves, pulsation of nearby arteries, contractions of smooth muscle in walls of lymphatics, and physical activity
38
lymphedema
severe localized edema abnormal accumulation of protein rich fluid usually in extremities (proteins draw in water=swelling) progresses if left untreated treatment=complete decongestive therapy common causes: parasite, breast cancer surgery/radiation, primary lymphedema (infants)
39
stage 1 lymphedema
bad towards night, better in the morning (system catches up overnight)
40
stage 2 lymphedema
doesn't always go away
41
stage 3 lymphedema
contours of the leg start to disappear
42
stage 4 lymphedema
lost contours, some skin changes
43
immune system cells
lymphocytes (T and B cells), macrophages, and dendritic cells
44
T lymphocyte cells
manage immune response, and some also attack and destroy infected cells (involved directly in cell-to-cell contact) mature in the thymus
45
B lymphocyte cells
produce plasma cells, which secrete antibodies antibodies mark antigens for destruction by phagocytosis or other means
46
macrophages
phagocytize foreign substances and help activate T cells
47
dendritic cells
capture antigens and deliver them to lymph nodes; also help activate T cells
48
supporting lymphoid cell
reticular cells produce reticular fibers (stroma-scaffolding of immune cells) in lymphoid organs
49
main functions of lymphoid tissue
houses and provides proliferation sites for lymphocytes offers surveillance vantage points for lymphocytes and macrophages as they filter through lymph largely composed of reticular connective tissue (type of loose connective tissue)
50
macrophages live on what fibers?
reticular fibers
51
2 main types of lymphoid tissues
diffuse lymphoid tissue and lymphoid follicles (nodules)
52
diffuse lymphoid tissue
loose arrangement of lymphoid cells and some reticular fibers in almost every organ
53
lymphoid follicles (nodules)
solid, spherical bodies consisting of tightly packed lymphoid cells and reticular fibers contain germinal centers of proliferating B cells
54
primary lymphoid organs
areas where T and B cells mature—red bone marrow and thymus --> T and B cells originate in bone marrow, but only B cells matures there; T cells mature in thymus where the lymphocytes originate
55
secondary lymphoid organs
areas where mature lymphocytes first encounter their antigen and become activated nodes, spleen, MALT (mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue) and diffuse lymphoid tissues
56
MALT
tonsils, Peyer's Patches, and appendix
57
lymph nodes
principal secondary lymphoid organs of body (not primary bc B and T cells don't come from here) humans have set number at birth swollen and painful=likely a microorganism swollen and not painful=likely cancerous
58
2 main function of lymph nodes
1. cleansing the lymph: act as lymph “filters” --> Macrophages remove and destroy microorganisms and debris that enter lymph --> Prevent unwanted substances from being delivered to blood 2. immune system activation: offer a place for lymphocytes to become activated and mount an attack against antigens
59
structure of lymph nodes
bean shaped, surrounded by external fibrous capsule (extends inward as trabeculae)
60
regions of nodes
cortex medulla
61
cortex
superficial area of cortex contains follicles with germinal centers that are heavy with dividing B cells deep cortex houses T cells in transit
62
medulla
medullary cords extend inward from cortex and contain B cells, T cells, and plasma cells lymph sinuses are found throughout node --> consist of large lymphatic capillaries spanned by crisscrossing reticular fibers. --> macrophages reside on fibers, checking for and phagocytizing any foreign matter.
63
lymph enters convex side of node via...
afferent lymphatic vessels
64
circulation in lymph nodes
enters convex side of node via afferent lymphatic vessels, travels through large subscapular sinus into smaller sinuses found throughout cortex and medulla, then enters medullary sinuses, and finally enters concave side at hilum via efferent lymphatic vessel.
65
centinal node
first node lymph goes through usually removed in the case of cancer
66
buboes
inflamed, swollen, tender lymph nodes that result when nodes are overwhelmed by what they are trying to destroy
67
bubonic plague
painful swollen lymph nodes in groin and armpits; oozing pus and blood; damage to skin and underlying surfaces; dark blotches-acral necrosis
68
lymphadenopathy
enlargement of superficial lymph nodes; from typical cold.
69
What is the largest lymphoid organ?
the spleen
70
functions of the spleen
site of lymphocyte proliferation and immune surveillance and response cleanses blood of aged blood cells and platelets; macrophages remove debris
71
site of lymphocyte proliferation
the spleen
72
additional functions of the spleen
1. stores breakdown products of RBCs (e.g., iron) for later reuse 2. stores blood platelets and monocytes for release into blood when needed 3. may be site of fetal erythrocyte production
73
white pulp of the spleen
immune system here most lymphocytes here mostly lymphocytes on reticular fibers found around central arteries
74
red pulp of the spleen
around central arteries site where old blood cells and bloodborne pathogens are destroyed rich in RBCs and macrophages composed of splenic cords separating blood-filled splenic sinusoids
75
splenectomy
surgical removal of ruptured spleen
76
What organs take over if the spleen must be removed?
liver and bone marrow
77
tonsils
simplest lymphoid organ lymphatic tissue around the pharynx gather and remove pathogens from food and air
78
palatine tonsils
posterior oral cavity most often infected largest tonsils
79
lingual tonsils
base of tongue
80
pharyngeal tonsil
posterior nasopharynx also called adenoids
81
tubal tonsils
surround openings of auditory tubes into pharynx
82
Peyer's patches
also called aggregated lymphoid nodules clusters of lymphoid follicles in wall of distal portion of small intestine peak at age 15-25 destroy bacteria, preventing them from breaching intestinal wall generate “memory” lymphocytes
83
appendix
offshoot of the first part of the large intestine destroy bacteria, preventing them from breaching intestinal wall generate "memory" lymphocytes
84
thymus
bilobed lymphoid organ found in inferior neck where t cells mature largest during childhood
85
thymus cortex
rapidly dividing lymphocytes
86
thymus medulla
regulatory t cells develop in thymic corpuscles
87
regulatory t cells
help body identify what are antigens and what are good self particles.
88
thymus differs from other lymphoid organs in what important ways?
1. no follicles bc it lacks b cells 2. doesn't directly fight antigens 3. stroma is made up of epithelial cells, not reticular fibers
89
blood thymus barrier
keeps immature T lymphocytes isolated from any antigens to prevent premature activation prevents particles from getting into the thalamus and premature activation of T cells. 

DPT 503 (22 decks)

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