csd ch 5

Question 1

allophones

Answer 1

a family of related sounds which may be said with some variation but still be considered that particular phoneme.

Question 2

aspiration

Answer 2

puff of air following /p/ at the beginning of a word

Question 3

vowel

Answer 3

produced with a relatively open/unobstructed vocal tract

Question 4

consonant

Answer 4

produced with some degree of constriction

Question 5

bilabial

Answer 5

constriction occurs at both lips

Question 6

labiodental

Answer 6

made with the bottom lip and upper teeth in contact

Question 7

interdental

Answer 7

tongue between teeth (linguadental)

Question 8

alveolar

Answer 8

tongue tip is touching the alveolar (upper gum ridge)

Question 9

palatal

Answer 9

center of the tongue is near the hard palate.

Question 10

velar

Answer 10

rear of the tongue approaches the velum/soft palate during production

Question 11

glottal

Answer 11

constriction occurs at the level of the vocal folds

Question 12

‘stop consonants’

Answer 12

p, b, t, d, k, g. air pressure is built up behind the point of constriction, momentarily stopped, then released.

Question 13

fricative

Answer 13

s, z, f, v. produced with narrow passageway for the air to pass through, creating a friction like noise.

Question 14

affricates

Answer 14

ch, j. begin as stops, release as fricatives

Question 15

nasals

Answer 15

m, n, /n/ the only sounds produced with an open velopharyngeal port; energy comes through the nose, rather than the mouth

Question 16

glides

Answer 16

articulatory position changes gradually from consonants to vowel.

Question 17

liquids

Answer 17

/l/ /r/; produced with an open vocal tract, considered vowel-like consonants.

Question 18

cognate pairs

Answer 18

consonants that have the same place and manner but differ in regards to voicing

Question 19

dipthong

Answer 19

two vowels said in close proximity, producing a special kind of phoneme

Question 20

myelination

Answer 20

development of a protective myelin sheath/sleeve around the cranial nerves.

Question 21

babbling

Answer 21

random vocal play

Question 22

reduplicated babbling

Answer 22

strings of consonant/vowel syllable repetitions or self-imitations: cv-cv-cv

Question 23

jargon

Answer 23

long strings of syllables with adultlike intonation

Question 24

variegated babbling

Answer 24

adjacent and successive syllables in the string are purposely non identical

Question 25

phonetically consistent forms

Answer 25

sound-meaning relationships, sound patterns function as proto words, or infant words.

Question 26

morphonemic contrasts

Answer 26

changes in pronunciation as a result of morphological changes.

Question 27

open syllable

Answer 27

ends in a vowel

Question 28

closed syllable

Answer 28

ends in a consonant

Question 29

correlates

Answer 29

related factors

Question 30

craniofacial anomalies

Answer 30

congenital malformations of the head and face (i.e. cleft lip or palate)

Question 31

CP cerebral palsy

Answer 31

a condition marked by impaired muscle coordination (spastic paralysis) and/or other disabilities, typically caused by damage to the brain before or at birth.

Question 32

CAS

Answer 32

childhood apraxia of speech

Question 33

intelligibility

Answer 33

how easy it is to understand an individual’s speech

Question 34

stimulability

Answer 34

ability of an individual to produce the target phoneme when given focused auditory/visual cues.

Question 35

external error sound discrimination/interpersonal error sound discrimination

Answer 35

the ability to perceive differences in another person’s speech

Question 36

internal error sound discrimination/intrapersonal error sound discrimination

Answer 36

the ability to judge one’s own outgoing speech

Question 37

traditional motor approach (therapy)

Answer 37

begins with auditory discrimination training, establishment of the new sound using sound-evoking techniques, production practice with the newly established sound in isolation and in nonsense syllables/words/phrases/sentences/conversations, and generalization/maintenence practice.

Question 38

sensory motor approach

Answer 38

similar, but does not include auditory discrimination training and begins with production at the syllable level, rather than sound isolation.

Question 39

minimal pair contrasts

Answer 39

the contrasting of phonemes in pairs of words

Question 40

multiple oppositions approach

Answer 40

uses maximal contrast word pairs

Question 41

metaphonological skills

Answer 41

ability to analyze, think about, and manipulate speech sounds.

Question 42

metaphon approach

Answer 42

1) expanding knowledge of the sound system in the language 2) transferring the knowledge to communicative situations, teaching to self-monitor/correct speech output