Cubital fossa and anterior forearm

Question 1

What 4 muscles make up the superficial layer of flexors of the forearm

Answer 1

pronator teres, flexor carpi radialis, palmaris longus, flexor carpi ulnaris

Question 2

Where does pronator teres have its attachments

Answer 2

On the medial epicondyle of the humerus, and on the mid shaft of the radius

Question 3

Describe the fibres of the pronator teres

Answer 3

They extend laterally and inferiorly

Question 4

Why is the pronator teres called this

Answer 4

Pronator - its role in pronation
Teres - cylindrical in cross section

Question 5

Where is flexor carpi radialis situated in relation to pronator teres

Answer 5

medial side of pronator teres

Question 6

Where are flexor carpi radialis attachments

Answer 6

Medial epicondyle of humerus then extends down to the radial side of the forearm

Question 7

Where is flexor carpi radialis attachment, once it has passed the wrist

Answer 7

to the base of the second and third metacrapal

Question 8

Where is palmaris longus in relation to flexor carpi radialis

Answer 8

on the medial side

Question 9

What is the attachment of palmaris longus

Answer 9

onto the medial epicondyle and then extends distally down the middle of the forearm to cross the wrist joint and attaches to the palmer aponeurosis

Question 10

Where is the tendon of the palmaris longus in relation to the others

Answer 10

more superfiical

Question 11

What is the palmer aponeurosis

Answer 11

a small muscle that helps flex the wrist. Useful for reconstructive surgeries

Question 12

Where are the attachments of the flexor carpi ulanris

Answer 12

on the medial epicondyle, the fibres come down the ulnar side of the forearm and crosses the wrist joint. It attaches onto the pisiform bone

Question 13

From its attachment on the pisiform bone what happens to the flexor carpi ulmaris

Answer 13

it is transmitted to the hamate bone and to the base of the fith metacarpal by the piso-amate ligament and the piso-metacarpal ligament

Question 14

What does the flexor carpi ulnaris do

Answer 14

produces the flexion movement of the wrist

Question 15

What is the muscle of the intermediate layer

Answer 15

flexor digitorum superficialis

Question 16

Where is the flexor digitorum attached

Answer 16

at the medial epicondyle of the humerus

Question 17

What happens to the flexor digitorum superficialis in the mid forearm

Answer 17

divides into 4 segments that go into each finger

Question 18

What does the flexor digitorum superficialis do

Answer 18

flexes the wrist and small joints of the fingers

Question 19

Where do the tendons of the flexor digitorum superficialis attach on the fingers

Answer 19

attach on the middle phalanges of each finger

Question 20

What muscle does the flexor digitorum superficialis lie on top of

Answer 20

the flexor digitorum profundus

Question 21

What are the 2 heads of the flexor digitorum superficialis

Answer 21

a radial head (arises from long oblique line on radius) and a humero-ulnar head (arises as part of the common flexor tendon from medial epicondyle and adjoining ulna)

Question 22

What passes through the gap between the 2 heads of the flexor digitorum superficialis

Answer 22

ulnar artery and median nerve

Question 23

What are the 3 deep flexors of the forearm

Answer 23

flexor pollicis longus, flexor digitorum profundus and pronator quadratus

Question 24

What is the interosseous membrane

Answer 24

Membrane between radius and ulna

Question 25

What does the interosseous membrane do

Answer 25

It provides support for the bones (in terms of their movements) and is a site of attachment for some of the deep muscles.

Question 26

Where is the pronator quadratus attached

Answer 26

distal (anterior surface) radius, it then goes across and attaches to the anteromedial surface of the ulna

Question 27

Why is the pronator quadratus called that

Answer 27

it is quadrangular in shape and pronates

Question 28

What covers the pronator quadratus

Answer 28

flexor pollicis longus and the flexor digitorum profundus

Question 29

Where are the attachments of the flexor pollicis longus

Answer 29

longus attaches onto the radius and the interosseous membrane and has a tendon which goes up to the distal phalanx of the thumb

Question 30

What does the flexor pollicis longus do

Answer 30

has a little bit of movement of the wrist and small joints of the thumb

Question 31

Where are the flexor digitorum profundus attachments

Answer 31

more on the ulnar side and has its attachment on the anterior and medial surface of the ulnar and interosseous membrane

Question 32

Where on the fingers does the flexor digitorum profundus attach

Answer 32

the distal phalanges of the 4 fingers

Question 33

What is the innervation of the flexor digitorum profundus

Answer 33

. Innervated by the median nerve (the side that provides tendons to the index and middle finger) and ulnar nerve (more of the ulnar side – side that provides tendons to the ring finger and little finger).

Question 34

What is the common flexor tendon

Answer 34

the common point of origin for 4 muscles that start on the medial epicondyle of the humerus

Question 35

What does the ulnar nerve pass through

Answer 35

the 2 heads of the flexor carpi ulnaris until it enters the forearm

Question 36

What is the head of the flexor carpi ulnaris

Answer 36

an extensive ulnar head

Question 37

What does the flexor carpi radialis pass through when it crosses the wrist

Answer 37

a deep ligamentous tunnel

Question 38

What lies between the flexor carpi radialis and the flexor carpi ulnaris

Answer 38

palmaris longus

Question 39

What happens when the flexor carpi radialis and flexor carpi ulnaris act together

Answer 39

they flex the wrist

Question 40

What happens when the flexor carpi radialis and flexor carpi ulnaris act separately

Answer 40

contribute to ulnar abduction and radial abduction

Question 41

What are the 3 wrist extensors

Answer 41

extensor carpi radialis longus, extensor carpi radialis brevis and extensor carpi ulnaris

Question 42

Where does extensor carpi radialis longus arise from

Answer 42

lateral epicondyle ridge, just below brachialis

Question 43

Where does extensor radialis bravis arise

Answer 43

lateral epicondyle

Question 44

Where does extensor carpi ulnaris arise from

Answer 44

the lateral epicondyle and has an ulnar head

Question 45

What do the extensors pass under as they cross the back of the wrist

Answer 45

extensor retinaculum which acts as a pulley

Question 46

Where do extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis insert on to

Answer 46

the second and third metacarpals

Question 47

Where does extensor ulnaris insert

Answer 47

on to the base of the 5th metacarpal

Question 48

What happens when all extensors act together

Answer 48

they extend the wrist

Question 49

Why is extension of the wrist important

Answer 49

important to grip because when the wrist is flexed the gripping muscles are slack and feeble.

Question 50

What happens when the radial or ulnar extensor contract separately

Answer 50

they help produce radial or ulnar abduction of the wrist, they do this alongside the corresponding flexor

Question 51

Where else does the pronator teres have a head of origin

Answer 51

on the ulnar

Question 52

What passes between the 2 heads of pronator teres before it enters the forearm

Answer 52

the median nerve

Question 53

Where does the supinator arise from

Answer 53

the lateral epicondyle, anular ligament and from the supinator crest on the ulnar

Question 54

Where does the supinator insert

Answer 54

on the radius, above insertion of pronator teres

Question 55

Which nerve runs through the supinator

Answer 55

the deep branch of the radial nerve

Question 56

What are the 2 supinator muscles

Answer 56

the supinator and the biceps brachii

Question 57

How do the biceps have the power to supinate

Answer 57

due to its insertion on the radial tuberosity gives it the power to rotate the radius - especially when elbow is flexed

Question 58

When the biceps are acting as a supinator how is the flexing action held in check

Answer 58

by the action of the tricpes

Question 59

which is a more powerful action - pronation or supination?

Answer 59

supination

Question 60

As the flexor digitorum superficialis/profundus pass through the carpal tunnel what are they enfolded in

Answer 60

a common synovial sheath which extends into palm of hand

Question 61

What are the 4 tendons the flexor digitorum profundus/superficialis divide into called

Answer 61

the lumbricals

Question 62

What do the flexor digitorum profundus/superficialis enter before reaching the MP point

Answer 62

the flexor tendon sheath

Question 63

When does the flexor digitorum superficialis tendon split into 2 and what do the branches pass round

Answer 63

over the proximal phalanx. They pass round the profundus tendon

Question 64

When do the 2 halves of the flexor digitorum profundus reunite and insert

Answer 64

on the middle phalanx

Question 65

Where does the profundus tendon emerge

Answer 65

between the 2 halves of superficialis and continues distally to insert on the base of the distal phalanx

Question 66

What is the action of the flexor digitorum superficialis

Answer 66

to flex the proximal IP joint and MP joint

Question 67

What is the action of the flexor digitorum profundus

Answer 67

to flex both IP joints and MP joints

Question 68

What is the cubital fossa

Answer 68

Area of transition between the anatomical arm and the forearm - depression on anterior surface of elbow joint

Question 69

Is the cephalic vein lateral or medial

Answer 69

lateral

Question 70

is the basilic vein lateral or medial

Answer 70

medial

Question 71

What is the relationship of the median cubital vein with the basilic and cephalic vein

Answer 71

initially runs along with basilic vein then runs along side the boundary of the cubital fossa to join the cephalic vein

Question 72

What is the superior, medial, lateral and inferior border of the cubital fossa

Answer 72

superior - fascia lateral - brachioradialis medial - pronator teres inferior - muscle

Question 73

Where is the ulnar nerve compressed and pinched

Answer 73

pinched against medial epicondyle and compressed by the 2 heads of the flexor carpi ulnaris

Question 74

What does the median nerve or branch of innervate

Answer 74

pronator teres, flexor carpi radialis, palmaris longus, flexor digitorum superficialis, flexor digitorum profundus (lateral part), pollicis longus, pronator quadratus

Question 75

What does the ulnar nerve innervate

Answer 75

flexor carpi ulnaris and flexor digitorum profundus (medial part)