The heart and pericardium

Question 1

Where is the heart located

Answer 1

in the mediastinum, behind the sternum, between the 2nd and 6tth ribs, between T5-T8.

Question 2

Where is the apex of the heart located

Answer 2

at the 5th intercostal space in the left-mid clavicular line

Question 3

What does the right coronary artery divide into

Answer 3

right posterior descending artery (that goes round back) and the acute marginal artery

Question 4

What does the right posterior descending artery and the marginal artery supply

Answer 4

supply the right atrium, right ventricle, sinoatrial node, and the atrioventricular node (the conduction system of the heart).

Question 5

What does the left coronary artery divide into

Answer 5

the left anterior descending artery and the circumflex artery

Question 6

What does the left anterior descending artery and the circumflex artery supply

Answer 6

supplies blood to the left atrium and ventricle

Question 7

How do cardiac muscle cells bring deoxygenated blood back to the right atrium

Answer 7

through the coronary sinus

Question 8

Which veins join the coronary sinus

Answer 8

the small cardiac vein from the right, the middle vein from the right ventricle, posterior vein from the left ventricle

Question 9

Where does the great cardiac vein come from

Answer 9

the front of the heart

Question 10

Where does the anterior vein drain blood into

Answer 10

directly into the right atrium, NOT through the coronary sinus

Question 11

What do the right and left atrium share

Answer 11

a common wall - the interatrial septum which lies quite obliquely

Question 12

Which way does right auricle (atrial appendage) project

Answer 12

forwards

Question 13

What is the valve between the right atrium and right ventricle

Answer 13

tricuspid valve

Question 14

How many pulmonary veins are there

Answer 14

4 - 2 from left lung and 2 from right lung

Question 15

What is the blind pouch in the left atrium called

Answer 15

left auricle (or atrial appendage) which projects upwards and forwards

Question 16

What is the valve between the left atrium and ventricle called

Answer 16

mitral valve

Question 17

Where is the left atrium located

Answer 17

at the back, heart needs to be lifted and rotated to see it

Question 18

What are fetaures of the right atrium

Answer 18

pectinate muscles and crista terminalis

Question 19

What does the apex of the right ventricle do

Answer 19

it extends down intersecting bands of muscle (trabeculae)

Question 20

What are the 3 cusps of the tricuspid valves

Answer 20

the septal, anterior and posterior cusps

Question 21

Where do the chordae tendineae arise from

Answer 21

the papillary muscles which project from the wall of the ventricle

Question 22

Wat is the function of the chordae tendinae

Answer 22

prevent the cusps of the valve from prolapsing back into the atrium during systole

Question 23

What makes the right ventricle irregular

Answer 23

trabeculae carnae tricuspid valve (and its appendages)

Question 24

What pattern do the trabeculae carnae form

Answer 24

a dense criss cross pattern across the ventricular wall, especially towards the apex

Question 25

What is the infundibulum (conus)

Answer 25

The tapering part of the right ventricle that leads up to the pulmonary valve. Has a smooth lining.

Question 26

What separates the left and right ventricle

Answer 26

the intraventricular septum

Question 27

What does the right and left ventricle look like in a cross section

Answer 27

right ventricle is circular shaped and the left ventricle is C shaped (due to its thicker wall)

Question 28

What are the 2 cusps of the mitral valve called

Answer 28

the anterior and posterior cusps

Question 29

What do the chordae tendinae from both of the mitral valves cups converge in to

Answer 29

2 sets of papillary muscles: on the posterolateral wall of the ventricle and on the anteromedial wall

Question 30

What is the aortic sinus

Answer 30

an anatomical dilation of the ascending aorta

Question 31

Where is the aortic sinus located

Answer 31

between the wall of the aorta and each of the 3 cusps of the aortic valve

Question 32

What are the 3 aortic sinuses

Answer 32

one anterior and 2 posterior

Question 33

Where does the right coronary artery run

Answer 33

The right coronary artery arises from the anterior aortic sinus. It then runs downwards in the right atrioventricular groove. The right coronary artery passes round to the underside of the heart.

Question 34

What branches does the right coronary artery give off

Answer 34

a branch to the upper part of the right atrium, branches into the right ventricle and its terminal branch is the right interventricular artery

Question 35

Where does the left coronary artery arise from

Answer 35

behind the pulmonary trunk from the left posterior aortic sinus

Question 36

What branches does the left coronary artery give off

Answer 36

circumflex branch, several branches to left ventricle (including left interventricular artery)

Question 37

Where does the circumflex branch run

Answer 37

it runs around the underside of the heart, in the left atrioventricular groove sending further branches to the left ventricle

Question 38

How does the blood that comes out of the coronary arteries return

Answer 38

through the coronary veins which drain into the coronary sinus which empties into the underside of the right atrium

Question 39

Where does the coronary sinus pass

Answer 39

it passes around the left atrioventricular groove to the underside of the heart

Question 40

Where is the coronary sinuses opening into the heart

Answer 40

just below and infront of the vena cava

Question 41

What are the layers of the pericardium surrounding the heart (from out to in)

Answer 41

fibrous pericardium, parietal pericardium, pericardial cavity, visceral pericardium

Question 42

What is the fossa ovalis

Answer 42

A depressed structure, located in inferior aspect of right interatrial septum. A remnant of the foramen ovale.

Question 43

What is the ductus arteriosus

Answer 43

A blood vessel that connects the pulmonary artery to the aorta.

Question 44

What are pectinate muscles

Answer 44

Muscular columns that are present on the inner wall of the right and left atria

Question 45

What are the crista terminalis

Answer 45

Muscular (made from myocardium) ridge on the right atrium. Extends along the posterolateral wall of the right atrium between the orifice of the superior vena cava to the superior vena cava.

Question 46

What are trabeculae carnae

Answer 46

Round or irregular muscular columns which project from the inner surface of the right and left ventricle. Contraction pulls on chordae tendineae to prevent inversion of mitral and tricuspid valves.