CYTOLOGY Flashcards
(104 cards)
1
Q
T or F. Cells are suspended
A
True
2
Q
What do you call a fluid INSIDE the cell
A
intracellular fluid
3
Q
What do you call a fluid OUTSIDE the cell
A
extracellular fluid
4
Q
What are the functions of cells?
A
Metabolism and energy use
Molecular synthesis-cells produce molecules
Communication-signals from environment
Reproduction and carrier of Hereditary Traits
5
Q
Protects the cells Semi permeable(selective) Dynamic (polymorphous) Rich with proteins and phospholipids For exchange of materials, supports the cell, protection, and communication Bounded by intra and extracelluar fluid Bilayer: Phospholipid and protein Highly polar-attracts electrical charges hydrophilic
A
Cell membrane
6
Q
Means different kinds of shapes
responsible for being matibay
A
polymorphous
7
Q
T or F and Explain.
All cells undergo production
A
F. Not all cells undergo reproduction e.g. nerve cells & neurons
8
Q
Others cells are _ because they don’t have definite shape
A
amorphous
9
Q
Its function is to equalize
A
Cell transport system
10
Q
From greater to lesser concentration of molecules.
Solution (solute & solvent)-mixture
Concentration gradient (normal flow from greater to lesser)
No energy required (passive); active (requires energy).
The goal is equilibrium, equal distribution
Brownian movement is involved
A
DIFFUSION
11
Q
T or F.
Going against the concentration gradient will have a slower rate
A
T
12
Q
Also known as random movement
A
Brownian Movement
13
Q
Diffusion of water From lower concentration to higher water concentration.
A
Osmosis
14
Q
force required to prevent water movement across semi permeable membrane.
Happens inside the cell
A
Osmotic pressure
15
Q
T or F
Greater concentration of solution means lesser osmotic pressure
A
F
16
Q
no movement across the membrane
A
Isotonic
17
Q
cell swells
A
Hypotonic
18
Q
cell shrinks
A
Hypertonic
19
Q
This is also a force required for osmosis
it happens outside the cell
A
Hydrostatic pressure
20
Q
carrier mediated transport; involves molecules as carrier.
From greater concentration to lower concentration
A
Facilitated Diffusion
21
Q
Does active and facillated requires energy?
A
Yes
22
Q
Carrier mediated (form of facilitated diffusion)
From lower to higher concentration AGAINST concentration gradient
Requires energy – ATP
A
Active transport
23
Q
Give example for an active transport?
A
Amino acid movement from small intestine into the blood; Na & K pump (nerve transmission)
24
Q
Means cell eating
A
Phagocytosis
25
Means cell drinking
Pinocytosis
26
Large water soluble molecules transported across cell membrane VIA vesicles
Uptake of materials by cell
Endocytosis
27
ingestion of solid particles.
Phagocytosis
28
Give example for endocytosis
WBC engulfs bacteria
29
Release of materials from cells
Ex. Pancreatic secretion (digestive enzymes)
Ex. Mucus (salivary glands)
EXOCYTOSIS
30
carries genetic material.
Nuclear envelope/membrane
Nuclear pore ; nucleoli
NUCLEUS
31
How many chromosomes are there in nucleus?
23 pairs
32
DNA and proteins found in _____
chromatins
33
site of energy production (ATP)
Powerhouse of the cell
Found in the cytoplasm
Cellular Respiration
Mitochondria
34
GIVE 3 TYPES OF RNA
mRNA (messenger), tRNA (transfer), rRNA (ribosomal)
35
Site of protein synthesis
To synthesize amino acid/protein
RNA
Ribosomes
36
With ribosomes attached
| Synthesis of proteins
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
37
No ribosomes attached
Site of lipid synthesis
Detoxification of chemicals within the cell
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
38
Collects and packages proteins and lipids.
| It is membranous
Golgi Apparatus
39
Intracellular digestion
| Contains numerous digestive enzymes
Lysosomes
40
Transports and stores materials within cell
| Ex. Neurotransmitter, insulin,
Secretory Vesicles
41
internal framework of cell
Cytoskeleton
42
under cytoskeleton: involves in cell division
Microtubules
43
under cytoskeleton: for support and cell movement
Microfilaments
44
important in cell division(involved in the development of spindle fibers in cell division)
CENTRIOLES
45
lines the respiratory tract
act a filtrating structures
it sways
cilia
46
sperm cell; for motility, swimming
FLAGELLA
47
increase surface area,
| lining the intestine, kidney; for absorption
MICROVILLI
48
Formation of two daughter cells from single parent cell
Occurs in somatic cells
Each cell – 46 chromosomes
Chromosomes are diploid (double)
The same amount and type of DNA as parent cell
To replenish
Mitosis
49
What are the stages of mitosis?
```
Interphase
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Cytokinesis
```
50
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Modified form of Mitosis
Occurs only in sex cells (gametes)
4 daughter cells produced
Not identical to parent cell
Chromosomes are haploid
23 pairs, 1 pair is X chromosome
22 pairs (autosomes – characteristic trait)
```
Meiosis
51
____ is the female ; __ is male (gender)
XX;XY
52
Responsible for characteristic trait
= are homologous pairs, which transfer genetic information from the parents to the offspring. Each pair of chromosome contains all the genes that are responsible for the existence of the life.
autosomes
53
```
Found in the chromosomes
Double stranded helical structures
Deoxyribonuleic acid
Carries the genetic characteristics
Contains amino acid and proteins
Contains nucleotides
```
DNA
54
Three types of tumor cells
Benign
Malignant
Cancer cells
55
lungs and digestive system become clogged with thick, sticky mucus
Cyctic fibrosis
56
abnormal red blood cells that don't carry oxygen normally
Sickle cell anemia
57
physical growth delays, mild to moderate intellectual disability, and characteristic facial features.
Down syndrome/ Trisomy 21
58
basic unit of living organisms.
cell
59
=biological membrane that separates the interior of all cells from the outside environment, which protects the cell from its environment.
=consists of a lipid bilayer, including cholesterols that sit between phospholipids to maintain their fluidity at various temperatures.
Cell Membrane/Plasma Membrane
60
=the material enclosed by the cell membrane
| = includes both the organelles and the liquid inside the cell.
Cytoplasm
61
large bubble, double-walled containing the cell’s genetic code.
Nucleus
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The code is in the form of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) located in strands called ____
chromatin.
63
the tiny nucleus is a small area within the nucleus for the synthesis of ribonucleic acid (RNA)
Nucleolus
64
continuous membrane system that forms a series of flattened sacs within the cytoplasm and serves multiple functions, being relevant, particularly in the synthesis, folding, modification, and transport of proteins.
Endoplasmic reticulum
65
What are the two subunits of endoplasmic reticulum?
ROUGH ER & SMOOTH ER
66
=are macromolecular machines, found within all living cells, that perform biological protein synthesis
= link amino acids together in the order specified by the codons of messenger RNA molecules to form polypeptide chains.
Ribosomes
67
is an organelle found in most eukaryotic cells. Part of the endomembrane system in the cytoplasm, it packages proteins into membrane-bound vesicles inside the cell before the vesicles are sent to their destination.
Golgi Bodies, The Golgi apparatus, also known as the Golgi complex, Golgi body, or simply the Golgi
68
are membrane-bound cell organelles that generate most of the chemical energy needed to power the cell's biochemical reactions.
Mitochondria
69
Chemical energy produced by the mitochondria is stored in a small molecule called
adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
70
are vesicles containing digestive enzymes that digest foreign particles and worn cell parts.
Lysosomes
71
microscopic hollow tubes made of the proteins alpha and beta-tubulin that are part of a cell's cytoskeleton, a network of protein filaments that extends throughout the cell, gives the cell shape and keeps its organelles in place
Microtubules
72
also called actin filaments, are protein filaments in the cytoplasm that form part of the cytoskeleton. They are primarily composed of polymers of actin but are modified by and interact with numerous other proteins in the cell.
Microfilaments
73
=are organelles that serve as the main microtubule-organizing centers for animal cells.
=
Centrosomes
74
Centrosomes are made from an arrangement of two barrel-shaped clusters of microtubules, called ____ and a complex of proteins that help additional microtubules to form.
“centrioles,”
75
each of a large number of minute projections from the surface of some cells. Increases the membrane’s surface for more efficient absorption.
Microvilli
76
are filamentous protein structures found in bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes, though they are most commonly found in bacteria. They are typically used to propel a cell through the liquid (i.e., bacteria and sperm)
Flagella/Cilia
77
many organelles are tiny and can be seen only and examined with a more powerful microscope.
Microscopic Cell Specimen
78
is a technique for obtaining high-resolution images of biological and nonbiological specimens. It is used in biomedical research to investigate the detailed structure of tissues, cells, organelles, and macromolecular complexes
Interpreting Micrographs
79
is a microscopy technique in which a beam of electrons is transmitted through a specimen to form an image. The specimen is most often an ultrathin section less than 100 nm thick or a suspension on a grid.
Transmission electron microscopy
80
=is a movement of ions and other atomic or molecular substances across cell membranes without the need for energy input.
Passive transport
81
is the movement of molecules across a cell membrane from a region of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration—against the concentration gradient. requires cellular energy to achieve this movement.
Active transport
82
=movement of a substance from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
=happens in liquids and gases because their particles move randomly from place to place.
=critical process for living things; it is how substances move in and out of cells.
DIFFUSION
83
the spontaneous net movement of solvent molecules through a selectively permeable membrane into a region of higher solute concentration in the direction that tends to equalize the solute concentrations on the two sides.
OSMOSIS
84
T or F
| Osmosis is then a particular type of diffusion.
t
85
The solutions being compared have an equal concentration of solutes.
Isotonic
86
The solution with the higher concentration of solutes.
Hypertonic
87
The solution with the lower concentration of solutes.
Hypotonic
88
An ____ has the same solute concentration as the fluid inside a cell. A ____ has a lower solute concentration than the liquid inside a cell. A ____ has a higher solute concentration than the fluid inside a cell.
isotonic solution;hypotonic solution; hypertonic solution
89
The movement of particles across a membrane from an area of high pressure to an area of low pressure (down a hydrostatic pressure gradient) is called
Filtration
90
When blood cells are bathed in a solution that is isotonic to them, they remain unchanged (fig. 3.4). If a hypotonic solution is introduced, the cells experience an inflow of water and usually burst. Bursting of RBC caused by osmosis is known as ____. If a hypertonic solution is added, the cells lose water and shrivel. Shriveling that results from osmotic loss of water are known as _____. Hence, the concentration of injected material is critical to a patient’s survival.
hemolysis;crenation
91
in which the cell grows and carries on its usual metabolic activities, and cell division, during which it reproduces itself.
Interphase
92
A more accurate name for interphase would be a ___
metabolic phase.
93
are circular patterns of an organism’s life histories. For example, the life cycle of a human includes conception, development, adulthood, reproduction, then fertilization, and so forth again for the offspring.
Life Cycles
94
The second event is a division of the cytoplasm called
cytokinesis
95
the portion of the cell cycle that is not accompanied by observable changes under the microscope and includes the G1, S, and G2 phases.
Interphase
96
Under interphase which the cell grows
G1
97
Under interphase which replicates its DNA
S
98
Under interphase which prepares for the mitosis
G2
99
what is prophase?
first phase of mitosis, the process that separates the duplicated genetic material carried in the nucleus of a parent cell into two identical daughter cells.
=the complex of DNA and proteins contained in the nucleus, known as chromatin, condenses.
100
what is metaphase
is a stage of mitosis in which chromosomes are at their second-most condensed and coiled stage. These chromosomes, carrying genetic information, align in the equator of the cell before being separated into each of the two daughter cells.
101
what is anaphase
is the stage of mitosis after the process of metaphase, when replicated chromosomes are split, and the newly-copied chromosomes (daughter chromatids) are moved to opposite poles of the cell.
102
what is telophase
is the fifth and final phase of mitosis, the process that separates the duplicated genetic material carried in the nucleus of a parent cell into two identical daughter cells.
=begins once the replicated, paired chromosomes have been separated and pulled to opposite sides or poles of the cell.
103
what is cytokinesis?
the division of the cytoplasm, usually begins during late anaphase and completes during telophase.
104
What is cell transport system
Cell transport is movement of materials across cell membranes. Cell transport includes passive and active transport. Passive transport does not require energy whereas active transport requires energy to proceed. Passive transport proceeds through diffusion, facilitated diffusion and osmosis.
