THE CHEMICAL BASIS OF LIFE Flashcards
(76 cards)
1
Q
the scientific study of atomic composition and how they interact, combine and change.
A
CHEMISTRY
2
Q
the study of chemical substances and processes that occur in living organisms including the human body
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Biochemistry
3
Q
deals with substances NOT containing carbon.
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Inorganic Chemistry
4
Q
deals with the study of all carbon-containing substances.
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Organic Chemistry
5
Q
is anything that occupies space and has mass (solid, liquid or gas.)
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Matter
6
Q
the amount of matter in an object.
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Mass
7
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is the gravitational force acting on an object.
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Weight
8
Q
the simplest form of matter (carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, etc.)
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Element
9
Q
is the smallest particle of an element (protons, electrons, and neutrons).
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Atom
10
Q
are two or more atoms CHEMICALLY COMBINED (proteins, nucleic acid, glucose)
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Molecules
11
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are combination of two or more different types of atoms.
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Compounds
12
Q
( positively charged ) which is located inside the nucleus
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protons
13
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( neutral charged ) located inside the nucleus
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neutron
14
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(negatively charged ), also located outside the
nucleus
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electrons
15
Q
is the number of proton in each atom.
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Atomic Number
16
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is the number of protons and neutron in each atom.
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Mass Number
17
Q
Atoms are attracted t o each other and interact with each other through sharing and exchanging of electrons.
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Chemical Bonding
18
Q
three types of chemical bonding
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ionic, covalent, hydrogen
19
Q
a charged atom is formed due to donation or gain of an electron.
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ionic
20
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atom share one or more pairs of electrons.
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covalent
21
Q
How does polar covalent bonds form?
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Polar covalent bonds form from unequal sharing of electrons.
22
Q
asymmetrical electrical charge
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Polar molecules
23
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symmetrical electrical charge
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Non - polar molecules
24
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sharing of a positive end of one polar molecule is weakly attracted to the negative end of another polar molecule. This bond is weaker than ionic and covalent bonds
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Hydrogen
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Formation or Breaking of bonds between atoms, ions, molecules or compounds.
Chemical Reaction
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are the substances that enter the reaction.
Reactants
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are substances that result from the reaction.
Products
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Types of Chemical Reaction:
- Synthesis = form new substance out of the reactant
- Exchange = exchange bet. atoms
- Decomposition = you break down
- Reversible = interchange the reactant and the product
- Single replacement
- Double replacement
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The rate at which a chemical reaction proceeds is influenced by several factors:
- Concentration of the reactants
- Temperature
- Catalyst
- Pressure
- Surface Area
- Size of the molecules
- distance
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(the higher the concentration, the faster the rate)
- if the atom is compact, the reaction is slower
- arrangement of atoms in reactants
Concentration of the reactants
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Is temperature directly proportional to the rate of reaction? T OR F
TRUE/YES
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substances that increases the reaction rate being permanently changed or depleted.
Catalyst
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- directly proportional
| - application of force
Pressure
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- inversely proportional
| - mas maliit ang surface, mas mabilis
Surface Area
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Is size of the molecules directly proportional to the rate of reaction? T OR F
False. It is inversely proportional.
36
This mas also affect the rate of chemical reaction. Mas malayo, slower. Mas malapit, faster.
-inversely proportional
Distance
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The basic component of homeostasis in the human body.
Acids and Bases
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normal balance of acids and bases is maintained by homeostatic mechanisms involving _____, _____ and the _____
buffers, the respiratory system, and the kidneys.
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is defined as a proton donor.
acid (H+)
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is defined as a proton acceptor
base (OH+)
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is a compound consisting of a cation other than H+ and an anion other than OH−
SALT
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A solution which resist a changes in pH when a small amount of strong acid or a strong base is added to it.
Buffer solution
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Example of buffer
| -universal buffer
BLOOD
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Important buffers in living systems are composed of _____, ______, ______, and ______.
bicar-bonate, phosphates, amino acids, and proteins.
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Is the capacity to do work.
Energy
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stored energy that could do work but is not doing it.
Potential Energy
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stored energy that could do work.
Kinetic Energy
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This theory states that energy is neither created nor destroyed but it can take on several forms. Potential energy can be converted to kinetic energy and vice versa.
Energy Conservation
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type of energy that refers to position or movement of the object
Mechanical
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Type of energy that refers to potential energy stored in chemical bonds
Chemical
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energy that flows from a hotter object to a cooler object. Temperature is a measure of how hot or cold a substance is relative to another substance.
-All other forms of energy can be converted into this energy
Heat energy
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Protein Organic molecules that act as catalyst and help initiate a biochemical reaction.
-increase the rate of chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy necessary for the reaction to begin
Enzyme
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a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without itself undergoing any permanent chemical change.
Catalyst
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deals with substances that do not contain carbon, or the lack of carbon-hydrogen bonds.
Inorganic Chemistry
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What are the several important inorganic substances that contain carbon but lack C—H bonds?
-their bonding capacity is weak
carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), and bicarbon-ate ions (HCO3−)
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Water accounts for approximately ___ of the weight of a young adult female and__ of a young adult male.
50% ; 60%
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Plasma, the liquid portion of blood, is ____ water.
92%
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➢ Stabilizing Body Temperature
➢ Protection
➢ Chemical Reactions
➢ Mixture
➢ (Solution, Solute, Solvent, Suspension, Colloids)
➢ Its ability to mix with other substances enables it to act as a medium for transport, moving substances from one part of the body to another.
Water
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21% of the gas in the atmosphere is ____, and it is essential for most living organisms.
◦ is generated during photosynthesis by plants and many types of microbes.
◦ is required in the final step of reactions that extract energy from food molecules.
Oxygen
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is produced when organic molecules, such as glucose, are metabolized within the cells of the body.
◦ eliminated from the cell as a metabolic by-product, transferred to the lungs by the blood during respiration.
◦ Causes intoxication when allowed to accumulate within cells.
Carbon Dioxide
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organic molecules composed primarily of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms and range in size from small to very large.
Carbohydrates
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Give the three types of carbohydrates
◦Monosaccharides (glucose/simpler sugars)
◦ Disaccharides (sucrose/table sugar (glucose and fructose)
◦ Polysaccharides (starch & cellulose) Long-chains of glucose
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What are the functions of carbohydrates?
- energy source for all organisms
- structural molecule in many organisms
- primary source or fuel for cellular respiration
- used to store energy for SHORT period of time
- synthesis of other small organic molecules such as amino acids and fatty acids
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Carbohydrates are composed of>
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
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❖organic molecules that are relatively insoluble in water.
❖can be readily dissolved in nonpolar organic solvents, such as alcohol or acetone.
❖contain small amounts of other elements, such as phosphorus and nitrogen, which can aid solubility in water
Lipids
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major classes of lipids (5)
fats, phospholipids, eicosanoids, steroids, and fat-soluble vitamins.
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What are the functions of lipids? give at least three.
- storage form of energy
- supply essential fatty acids
- structural components of CELL MEMBRANE
- Electrical insulation
- Protect body from cold
- Mechanical protection of internal organs
- Metabolic regulators
- Help transport fat soluble vitamins
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Made up of chains
Main function: to produce enzyme
organic macromolecules that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen bound together by covalent bonds.
❖contain small amounts of phosphorus, iron, and iodine.
Proteins
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What is the basic building block of protein
❖The basic building blocks for proteins are the 20 amino acid molecules.
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What is the most common nucleic acid?
DNA RNA
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Large molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus
Nucleic Acids
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basic building blocks of DNA and RNA are called ___
nucleotides
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What is the meaning of DNA, its location, and function?
- Deoxyribonucleic Acid
- inside nucleus
- genetic instruction to make RNA
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What is the meaning of RNA , its location, and function?
- ribonucleic Acid
- in nucleus and cytoplasm
- converts DNA instructions into proteins
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true of false
| Endoplasmic reticulum has the presence of RNA
True
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- is an especially important molecule for storing and providing energy in all living organisms.
- consists of adenosine (the sugar ribose with the nitrogenous base adenine) and three phosphate groups
- end product of respiration
Adenosine Triphosphate
