MUSCULAR

Question 1

Give functions of Muscular System

Answer 1

 Over all body movement  Maintenance of posture  Respiration  Body heat production  Communication ◦ (speaking, writing, gestures, facial expressions)  Constriction of organs and vessels  Contraction of the heart

Question 2

The correct way of how the organs are placed

Answer 2

Position

Question 3

Ability of organism to express his/her ideas

Answer 3

Communication

Question 4

What are the properties of muscle tissue

Answer 4

Contractility, Excitability, Extensibility, Elasticity, Adaptability

Question 5

Shorten forcefully

Answer 5

 Contractility ◦

Question 6

Respond to stimuli through nerves

Answer 6

Excitability ◦

Question 7

Stretching beyond normal resting length

Answer 7

Extensibility

Question 8

Recoil to original resting length.

Answer 8

Elasticity ◦

Question 9

To adjust in his/her environment (hypertrophy/atrophy)

Answer 9

Adaptibility

Question 10

Increase in size due to high endurance muscle

Answer 10

Hypertrophy

Question 11

Reduction in a mass when it is not being used

Answer 11

Atrophy

Question 12

 Striated  40% of body weight  Attached to the skeletal system  With connective nervous & adipose tissue  Multinucleated  Peripheral location

Answer 12

Skeletal muscle

Question 13

T or F

Myofibrils are not made up of myofilament

Answer 13

F

Question 14

T or F

Actin and myosin are example of contractil

Answer 14

T

Question 15

It covers myofibril

Answer 15

Sacromere

Question 16

Composed of alternating actin myosin

Answer 16

myofibril

Question 17

 Responsible for many cell movements  Actin  Troponin – binding sites for Ca++  tropomyosin

Answer 17

ACTIN AND MYOSIN FILAMENTS

Question 18

This is exclusively found in the heart muscle

Answer 18

Troponin

Question 19

◦ Charge difference across the cell membrane

Answer 19

Resting membrane potential (RMP)

Question 20

All cells have a negatively charged inside compared to their outside

Answer 20

Resting membrane potential

Question 21

the change in electrical potential associated with the passage of an impulse along the membrane of a muscle cell or nerve cell.

Answer 21

ACTION POTENTIAL ◦

Question 22

 Na+ outside ; K+ inside  Channels closed

Answer 22

 Resting potential

Question 23

 Some Na+ opens ; Na+ enters  If threshold is passed they all open

Answer 23

Stimulus/threshold

Question 24

 Na+ channels open; Na+ enters ; cell becomes positive  Chain reaction of Na+ channels opening the axon

Answer 24

Depolarization

Question 25

 Na+ gates close ; K+ gates open  K+ moves out & the cell becomes negative.

Answer 25

Repolarization

Question 26

How many milliseconds does it take for muscles to react?

Answer 26

2 milliseconds

Question 27

 chemical synapse formed by the contact between a motor neuron and a muscle fiber.  It is at the neuromuscular junction that a motor neuron is able to transmit a signal to the muscle fiber, causing muscle contraction.

Answer 27

Neuromuscular Junction

Question 28

Neuromuscular Junction is also known as

Answer 28

myoneural junction

Question 29

 the neurotransmitter used at the neuromuscular junction to activate muscles contraction  drugs that influence this neurotransmitter can cause various degrees of movement disruption or even paralysis  carries signals from motor neurons to the body's skeletal muscles  drugs that affect cholinergic systems can have very dangerous effects ranging from paralysis to convulsions.

Answer 29

ACETYLCHOLINE

Question 30

Why does stroke and numbness happen?

Answer 30

Because acetylcholine ethanolamine neurotransmitter is blocks

Question 31

Sedatives that block electrical impulses

Answer 31

Anesthesia, alcohol, tranquilizer, sleeping pills

Question 32

Outer covering of muscle fiber/myofibril

Answer 32

Sacrolema

Question 33

Spaces/area contains actin myosin

Answer 33

Sacromere

Question 34

These allow muscle to contract

Answer 34

Actin/ myosin

Question 35

 Single muscular contraction in response to stimulus. ◦ Lots of people get twitches in the eyelid, thumb & calf muscle. ◦ go away after a few ◦ stress or anxiety related

Answer 35

Muscle twitch

Question 36

3 phases of muscle twitch

Answer 36

◦ Latent phase – application of stimulus/beginning of contraction ◦ Contraction phase ◦ Relaxation Phase

Question 37

Muscle twitch are due to?

Answer 37

◦ stress, too much caffeine, a poor diet, exercise, or as a side effect of some medicines.

Question 38

is prolonged contraction without relaxation and results from repeating stimulation before the muscle has a chance to relax at all.

Answer 38

Tetanus

Question 39

is the addition of a second twitch, resulting in greater tension, and it results from stimulating the muscle before it has a chance to relax completely.

Answer 39

summation or treppe

Question 40

 Aerobic production of ATP during exercise and normal condition  Anaerobic ATP production during intensive short term work.  Conversion of CREATINE PHOSPHATE to ATP  Conversion of 2 ADP to one ATP and one AMP during heavy exercise.

Answer 40

Energy requirement/ muscle contraction

Question 41

What is the difference bet. aerobic production of ATP and anaerobic ATP production

Answer 41

Aerobic production has the presence of oxygen while anaerobic ATP production has less oxygen but more CO2

Question 42

 Temporary state of reduced work capacity

Answer 42

Muscle Fatigue

Question 43

we experience muscle fatigue because?

Answer 43

◦ Build up of lactic acid ◦ Drop in PH (acidosis) ◦ Depletion of ATP (increase consumption) ◦ Oxidative stress (build up of ROS – free radicals) ◦ Localized inflammatory reactions.

Question 44

- reduced amount of ATP to bind to myosin filament. Incapable of contracting/relaxing. Psychological Fatigue - involves the CNS (“perceives contraction is NOT possible.

Answer 44

Physiological Contracture

Question 45

Symptoms of muscle fatigue

Answer 45

◦ soreness. ◦ localized pain. ◦ shortness of breath. ◦ muscle twitching. ◦ trembling. ◦ a weak grip. ◦ muscle cramps.

Question 46

Aid for muscle fatigue

Answer 46

RICE (rest,ice, compression, elevation)

Question 47

growth and increase of the size of muscle cells. The most common type of muscular hypertrophy occurs as a result of physical exercise such as weightlifting, and the term is often associated with weight training

Answer 47

Muscle hypertrophy

Question 48

is when muscles waste away due to lack of physical activity. This can happen when a disease or injury makes it difficult or impossible to move an arm or leg

Answer 48

Muscle atrophy

Question 49

is a strong, painful contraction or tightening of a muscle that comes on suddenly and lasts from a few seconds to several minutes. It often occurs in the legs.

Answer 49

Muscle cramp

Question 50

These are under isotonic contraction

Answer 50

Concentric and Eccentric

Question 51

=during the upward phase of exercise =biceps brachii produces tension and shortens = pulls the forearm upwards to cause flexion of the elbow

Answer 51

Concentric

Question 52

=downward phase of exercise =biceps brachii produces tension and lengthens =it slows the lowering of the forearm and controls extension of the elbow

Answer 52

Eccentric

Question 53

=Holding the weight still =briceps brachii develops tension and stays the same length =it stops flexion and extension of the elbow

Answer 53

Isometric contraction

Question 54

 Muscles are attached to the bones by

Answer 54

TENDONS

Question 55

How many muscles are there in human body (adult)

Answer 55

640

Question 56

this deals with MUSCLES: |  Location  Size  Shape  Orientation of fascicles  Origin & insertion  Number of Heads  Function

Answer 56

Muscular nomenclature

Question 57

▪ orbicularis oculi, ▪ nasalis, ▪ levator labii superioris alaeque nasi, ▪ depressor labii inferioris, ▪ procerus, ▪ auriculars, ▪ zygomaticus major, ▪ zygomaticus minor, ▪ buccinator, ▪ occipitofrontalis, ▪ corrugator supercilii, risorius, ▪ depressor anguli oris, orbicularis oris, ▪ mentalis.

Answer 57

Facial and mastication muscles

Question 58

These muscles act to change the volume of the thoracic cavity during respiration.

Answer 58

Thoracic muscles

Question 59

What are the effects of aging on skeletal muscle

Answer 59

=slow progressive loss of skeletal muscle mass begins as a direct result of increasing inactivity =size and power of all muscles tissues also decrease =lost muscle mass is replaced by either adipose or fibrous connective tissue =muscle strength and endurance are impaired =decreased cardiovascular performance =increased circulatory supply to active muscles occurs much more slowly =tolerance for exercise decreases =tendency toward rapid fatigue =muscle tissue has a reduced capacity to recover from disease or injury =elasticity of skeletal muscle also decreases

Question 60

Examples of diseases /disorder of muscular system

Answer 60

 muscular dystrophy (muscle weakening diseases),  Muscular atrophy  Muscular Hypertrophy  tendonitis (degenerative tendon disease),  fibromyalgia (chronic pain),  mitochondrial myopathy (mitochondria ATP disorder),  myasthenia gravis (immune system problem),  tetanus (paralyzing bacterial infection).