NERVOUS Flashcards by siomai a

What are the function s of nervous system?

 “communication center” of the body  Receiving sensory signals  Integration of information  Controls muscular & glandular activities  Regulates and maintains homeostasis  Establishment & maintenance of mental activities

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What are the two main types of cells in the nervous system?

Neurons and Neuroglia

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Name the division of the nervous system?

Peripheral nervous system and central nervous system

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Communicate with other cells using electrical and chemical signals

Neurons

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Support and insulate the neurons; FAR more abundant than neurons. Does not conduct impulses. Abundant in CNS than PNS

Neuroglia

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➢Receives stimuli ➢Conducts action potential ➢Transmits signals to other neurons

Neuron`

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What are the 3 types of neurons?

Motor, sensory, interneuron

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Connects to a muscle or gland (type of neuron)

Motor/Effector

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Receives a stimulus (type of neuron)

Sensory

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Connects the motor and sensory (type of neuron)

Interneuron

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4 different kinds of neurons

Unipolar Bipolar Pseudounipolar Multipolar

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 surround neurons  provide support and insulation between them  most abundant cell types in CNS.

Glial Cells

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 Types of glial cells:

o oligodendrocyte o astrocytes o ependymal cells o Schwann cells, o Microglia o satellite cells.

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All cells have a negatively charged inside compared to their outside
= Charge difference across the cell membrane

Resting membrane potential

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T or F

Without action potential, there would be no stimulus

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the change in electrical potential associated with the passage of an impulse along the membrane of a muscle cell or nerve cell

ACTION POTENTIAL

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 Na+ outside ; K+ inside  Channels closed

 Resting potential

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 Some Na+ opens ; Na+ enters  If threshold is passed they all open

Stimulus/threshold

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Na+ channels open; Na+ enters ; cell becomes positive  Chain reaction of Na+ channels opening the axon

Depolarization

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Na+ gates close ; K+ gates open  K+ moves out & the cell becomes negative.

Repolarization

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=protects and insulates axons from one another, speeds transmission, functions in repair of axons.
=not continuous
=nodes of ranvier
=completion of development of myelin sheaths at 1 yr.
=degeneration of myelin sheaths occurs in multiple sclerosis and some cases of diabetes mellitus

Myelinated Axons

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In depressions of Schwann cells or oligoden-drocytes

Not wrapped around the axon; gray matter

Unmyelinated axons

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Serves as a means of increasing the rate of propagation of an action potential

Saltatory Conduction

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 also called neuronal junction  the site of transmission of electric nerve impulses between two nerve cells (neurons) or between a neuron and a gland or muscle cell (effector).  Presynaptic terminal  Postsynaptic membrane  also called neuronal junction  the site of transmission of electric nerve impulses between two nerve cells (neurons) or between a neuron and a gland or muscle cell (effector).  Presynaptic terminal  Postsynaptic membrane

Synapse

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Excitatory:__ Inhibitory:__

Excitatory: Enhances Inhibitory: Slow/stop

related to learning and memory (neurotransmitter)

Acetylcholine ACh

-drug stimulant -uppers -makes you active (neurotransmitter)

Dopamine DA

=Hormone produced by the gland =sedative tranquilizers (neurotransmitter)

Norepinephrine NE

=Anti depressant | (neurotransmitter)

Serotonin 5HT

=Learning (neurotransmitter)

Glutamate GLU

DRUGS ANTIDEPRESSEANT (neurotransmitter)

gaba GABA

Endogenous Opioids is also known as?

Endrophins, enkephalins

What are the behaviors or diseases related to Acetylcholine

Learning and memory; Alzheimer's disease' muscle movement in the peripheral nervous system

What are the behaviors or diseases related to Dopamine

Reward circuits; motor circuits involved in parkinson's disease; schizophrenia

What are the behaviors or diseases related to Norepinephrine

Arousal; depression

What are the behaviors or diseases related to Serotonin

Depression; aggression; schizophrenia

What are the behaviors or diseases related to | Glutamate

Learning; major excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain

What are the behaviors or diseases related to | GABA

Anxiety disorders; EPILEPSY; major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain

What are the behaviors or diseases related to | Indigenous opioids

Pain; analgesia; reward

 Involuntary reaction in response to a stimulus transmitted to CNS.  Neuronal pathway where reflex occurs  Basic functional unit of NS since it is the simplest pathway capable of receiving stimulus producing immediate response  Mostly occur in the spinal cord

Reflexes

What are the components of reflexes?

``` ◦ Sensory receptor ◦ Sensory neuron ◦ interneurons motor neuron effector organ ```

◦ Brain (cranium) ◦ Spinal cord (vertebral column)

 Central Nervous System (CNS)

◦ Nerves and ganglia outside the CNS ◦ Collects information from numerous sources both inside & outside of the body ◦ Relays it through sensory neurons to CNS where information is either ignored , triggered reflex or evaluated . ◦ Motor neurons relay information from the CNS to effector/s (muscles or glands) to regulate activities ◦ 12 pairs of cranial nerves ◦ 31 pairs of spinal nerves

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

◦ sudden kicking movement of the lower leg in response to a sharp tap on the patellar tendon, lying just below the kneecap.

 Knee Jerk Reflex (Patellar Reflex)

◦ Remove a limb or other body part from painful stimulus (pain receptors)

 Withdrawal Reflex (Flexor Reflex)

 originate in the spinal cord and form part of the peripheral nervous system  mixed nerve is one which transmits motor, sensory, and autonomic signals between the spinal cord and the body

Spinal nerves

What are the 31 pairs of spinal nerves

◦ Cervical (C1 – C8) ◦ Thoracic (T1 – T12) ◦ Lumbar (L1 – L5) ◦ Sacral (S1 – S5) ◦ Coccygeal

➢ act as “telephone lines,” carrying messages back and forth between your body and spinal cord to control sensation and movement. ➢ Each spinal nerve has two roots The ventral (front) root carries motor impulses from the brain and the dorsal (back) root carries sensory impulses to the brain

Spinal nerve

(branching network) of intersecting nerves.

Flexus

serves the head, neck and shoulders.

Cervical plexus

- serves the chest, shoulders, arms and hands.

Brachial plexus

- serves the back, abdomen, groin, thighs, knees, and calves.

Lumbar plexus

serves the pelvis, buttocks, genitals, thighs, calves, and feet.

Sacral plexus -

Connects the spinal cord to the brain ◦ Controls heart rate, blood pressure and breathing

 Brainstem ◦

▪ Regulation of heart rate ▪ Blood vessel diameter ▪ Breathing, swallowing ▪ Vomiting, coughing, sneezing ▪ Balance & coordination

Medulla Oblongata

Breathing, swallowing and balance

PONS

▪ movements of the eye ▪ auditory and visual processing.

MIDBRAIN/Mesencephalon

▪ regulates motor movements. ▪ coordinates voluntary movements such as posture, balance, coordination, and speech.

Cerebellum

▪ relaying of sensory signals, including motor signals to the cerebral cortex ▪ regulation of consciousness, sleep, and alertness.

THALAMUS

▪ Emotional and visceral response to odors

Epithalamus

▪ Hormonal secretion (GH, GoH ▪ Thermoregulation

Hypothalamus

T or F | Brain can interpret 51,000 of odors

False. Only 50, 000

 is the largest part of the brain and is composed of right and left hemispheres .  interpretation of touch, vision and hearing, speech, reasoning, emotions, learning, and control of movement.

Cerebrum

(LOBES OF CEREBRUM) ▪ controls emotional expression, problem solving, memory, language, judgment, and sexual behavior. ▪ “control panel” of our personality and our ability to communicate

Frontal

(LOBES OF CEREBRUM) | Center for receiving and perceiving most sensory information like touch, pain, temperature & balance

Parietal

(LOBES OF CEREBRUM) | Interpretation of visual input

Occipital

(LOBES OF CEREBRUM) | ▪ Involved in olfaction (smell) ▪ auditory (hearing) sensations ▪ Plays a role in memory

Temporal

of the brain is responsible for controlling the right side of the body. It also performs tasks that have to do with logic, such as in science and mathematics.

left hemisphere

coordinates the left side of the body, and performs tasks that have do with creativity and the arts.

right hemisphere

test used to find problems related to electrical activity of the brain .  tracks and records brain wave patterns. Small metal discs with thin wires (electrodes) are placed on the scalp, and then send signals to a computer to record the results.

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

 is the faculty of the brain by which data or information is encoded, stored, and retrieved when needed.  It is the retention of information over time for the purpose of influencing future action

Memory

Types of long term memory

Declarative

=Information stored in the brain that can be recalled | =vivid

Explicit Memory (Declarative memory)

=Automatic =Muscle memory =We do it repeatedly

Implicit memory (procedural memory)

(MEMORY) | =Facts, Concepts

Semantic memory

(MEMORY) =recollection of personal experiences =where, when, what, with whom

Episodic memory

(MEMORY) =self =personal info

Autobiographical memory

``` (MEMORY) =Something that you saw =photographic memory =not legal evidence in the court =visual engagement of the information ```

Visual Memory

The main parts of the brain involved with memory:

➢ amygdala, ➢ hippocampus, ➢ cerebellum, ➢ prefrontal cortex

 involved in motivation, emotion, learning, and memory.  is where the subcortical structures meet the cerebral cortex.  operates by influencing the endocrine system and the autonomic nervous system.  Responds to olfactory stimulation (hunger, thirst)

The limbic system

Disorder of Limbic system:

voracious eating, increased sexual activity, loss of normal fear and anger.

Are the membrane covering the spinal cord and the brain

Meninges

The meninges consist of three membranes

the dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater

inflammation of the membranes (meninges) surrounding the brain and spinal cord.

Meningitis

These structures are responsible for the production, transport and removal of cerebrospinal fluid, which bathes the CNS.

Ventricles of the brain

clear, colorless body fluid found in the brain and spinal cord.

Cerebrospinal Fluid

Function of CSF

◦ CSF cushions the brain within the skull ◦ serve as a shock absorber for the CNS ◦ circulates nutrients and chemicals filtered from the blood. ◦ removes waste products from the brain.

excess cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) builds up within the ventricles (fluidcontaining cavities) of the brain and may increase pressure within the head.

Hydrocephalus

What are the 12 cranial nerves

Olfactory I, Oculomotor III, Trochlear IV, Abducens VI, Vestibulocochlear VIII, Hypoglossal XII, Accessory XI, Optic II, Trigeminal V, Facial VII, Glossopharyngeal IX, Vagus X

 Carries action potential from the CNS to PNS  Present in smooth muscle, cardiac & glands  Controlled unconsciously (involuntary)  regulates bodily functions such as the heart rate, digestion, respiratory rate, pupillary response, urination, and sexual arousal.

Autonomic nervous system

Control only by themselves

Autonomy

Divisions of ANS

Sympathetic and parasympathetic

body under physical activity

Sympathetic

body at rest

Parasympathetic

 Parasympathetic neurotransmitter involved in muscular activities  sensation of pain, learning and memory formation  the regulation of the endocrine system  rapid eye movement (REM) sleep cycles.

Acetylcholine

has slightly more effect on heart, (ANS NEUROTRANSMITTER)

epinephrine

has more of an effect on your blood vessels (ANS NEUROTRANSMITTER)

norepinephrine

 sudden interruption in the blood supply of the brain

Stroke

caused by an abrupt blockage of arteries leading to the brain

( ischemic stroke )

bleeding into brain tissue when a blood vessel bursts

( hemorrhagic stroke )

Symptoms of stroke

◦ numbness or weakness in the face, arm or leg (one side of the body). ◦ trouble speaking or understanding speech. ◦ vision problems in one or both eyes. ◦ difficulty walking or dizziness, loss of balance or problems with coordination. ◦ Severe headache with no known cause.

What are the effects of aging on the nervous system?

Loss of brain weight and loss of neurons, often an altered sleep/wakefulness ratio, Decrease ability to regulate body temperature, Decrease in the velocity of nerve impulses, Blood supply to the spinal cord is decrease resulting in decreased reflexes Normal changes are not the same as senility, organic brain disease, or Alzheimer's disease

= highly complex part of an animal that coordinates its actions and sensory information by transmitting signals to and from different parts of its body. =detects environmental changes that impact the body, then works in tandem with the endocrine system to respond to such events

Nervous System

A reflex action often involves a very simple nervous pathway called a reflex arc. A reflex arc starts with receptors being excited. They then send signals along a sensory neuron to your spinal cord, where the signals are passed on to a motor neuron. As a result, one of your muscles or glands is stimulated.

NERVES and REFLEXES

=basic working unit of the brain =a specialized cell designed to transmit information to other nerve cells, muscle, or gland cells. =are cells within the nervous system that transmit information to other nerve cells, muscle, or gland cells. Most neurons have a cell body, an axon, and dendrites.

Neurons

Receives stimuli Conducts action potential Transmits signals to other neurons

NEURON

are non-neuronal cells in the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and the peripheral nervous system that do not produce electrical impulses. They maintain homeostasis, form myelin, and provide support and protection for neurons. = they are not able to transmit nerve impulses, a function that is highly developed in neurons.

GLIAL CELLS

T or F | neuroglia never lose their ability to divide, whereas most neurons do.

NERVOUS Flashcards

(108 cards)