HISTOLOGY Flashcards
(134 cards)
1
Q
What are the four types of tissues?
A
Connective, epithelial, muscle, nervous
2
Q
What are the seven classifications of epithelial tissue?
A
Simple squamus, simple cuboidal, simple columnar, stratified squamous, stratified cuboidal, pseudostratified columnar, and transitional
3
Q
What are the functions of epithelial tissue?
A
Covers & protects surfaces Support and attachment Movement and locomotion Transport of materials (blood tissue) Secretion Absorption
4
Q
single layer • Squamous • Cuboidal • Columnar
A
simple
5
Q
multi layer • squamous • keratinized • cuboidal • Columnar
A
stratified
6
Q
columnar(illusion)
A
Pseudostratified
7
Q
cuboidal to clumnar
A
Transitional
8
Q
This is a type of epithelium tissue that can mostly be found in the epidermis, lining/walls intestine, and respiratory tract
A
Simple
9
Q
What is the description and function of simple squamous?
A
Flat/scale-like and its responsible for diffusion, osmosis, and gas exchange.
10
Q
this is where the simple squamus is located
A
Alveolar walls, capillaries
11
Q
What is the description and function of simple cuboidal?
A
cube-like. Secretion and absorption
12
Q
this is where the simple cuboidal is located
A
Walls of respiratory system
13
Q
What is the description and function of simple columnar?
A
It’s tall and thin. It is responsible for absorption and secretion
14
Q
this is where the simple columnar is located
A
lining of digestive system
15
Q
What is the description and function of stratified squamous?
A
It is several layers of flattened cells. it can be keratinized or non keratinized. Its function is protection deals with friction
16
Q
this is where the stratified squamous is located
A
Epidermis, mouth throat, esophagus
17
Q
What is the function of stratified cuboidal?
A
secretion, absorption
18
Q
this is where the stratified cuboidal is located
A
Kidney, tubules, thyroid glands
19
Q
What is the function of stratified columnar?
A
It it for protection
20
Q
this is where the stratified columnar is located
A
epiglottis
21
Q
What is the description and function of pseudostratified?
A
Tall, thin ciliated. Responsible for mucus secretion
22
Q
this is where the pseudostratified is located
A
Nasal cavity, auditory tubes, pharynx, trachea, bronchi
23
Q
What is the description and function of transitional?
A
The shape of the cell is stratified cuboidal. It is cuboidal if it’s not stretched. It is squamous when stretched. It controls volume of fluid
24
Q
this is where the transitional is located
A
Urinary bladder, ureter, urethra`
25
Secretory organs
| Epithelial in nature
Glands
26
type of gland that has ducts and can be found in lining of the stomach
Exocrine glands
27
type of gland that has no ducts and can be found in the endocrine system. Responsible for secretion of hormones
Endocrine glands
28
Producing and releasing secretions
Glandular Epithelium
29
3 Main Types of glandular epithelium
Merocrine (Ex. Salivary glands)
◦ Apocrine (mammary glands)
◦ Holocrine (Sebaceous glands
30
Give exocrine gland types (simple)
tubular, branched tubular, coiled tubular, branched alveolar
31
Give exocrine gland types (compound)
tubular and alveolar
32
give endocrine gland types
pituitary, thyroid, pancreas, adrenals, ovaries, testes
33
Give the function of connective tissue
= Enclosure and separation of structures
❖ support and movement
❖ Storage of compounds (fats)
❖ Cushion(shock absorber) and insulation (thermoregulation)
❖ Transport of materials
❖ Protecting (the immune system)
34
When did connective tissue begins?
It begins embryonic stage (3rd-4th week)
35
CONNECTIVE TISSUE CELLS
```
Fibroblasts (fibrin, rebind, renew)
❑ Fibrocytes
❑Osteoclasts, osteocytes, osteoblasts ❑Chondroblasts, chondrocytes
❑ macrophages (“large eaters”)
❑ Mast cells (secrete histamine, heparin)
❑ Lymphocytes (making antibodies)
❑ Adipocytes (adipose tissue)
❑ Melanocytes (skin pigmentation)
```
36
It is a cell of connective tissue that is responsible for bone development
osteoclasts
37
White blood cells is consideres as ___
macrophages
38
Primitive cells to develop cartilage
Chondrocytes (cartilage)
39
responsible for repairing damage or wound
fibrin
40
fat cells deposited to skin
adipocytes
41
A bundle of protein units that are slightly flexible , but very strong, typically arranged in one direction. ➢Ex. tendons
Collagen fibers
42
➢Bundle of protein units that are VERY FLEXIBLE ➢Still strong
➢Ex. Intervertebral disc, joints
multi-directional
Elastic Fibers
43
➢same subunits as collagen but not in one direction
| ➢Ex. liver
Reticular fibers
44
Give the four classification of connective tissue
=Loose
=Dense
=Supporting connective tissue
=Fluid connective tissue
45
Classification of connective tissue that has (fewer fibers more matrix)
Loose
46
Areolar ; ____
❑Adipose :____
❑Reticular : ____
Areolar – bone cells ❑Adipose – dermis of skin ❑Reticular – lymphatic tissue
47
Classification of connective tissue that has (more fibers, less matrix, ground substance)
Dense
48
these are under dense connective tissue
regular collagenous
❑ regular elastic
❑Irregular collagenous ❑Irregular elastic
49
It is a classification of connective tissue responsible for attachment and movement.
Supporting Connective Tissue
50
give types of cartilage
❑Hyaline ❑Fibrocartilage ❑Elastic
51
give types of bone
=Spongy
| = Compact
52
Under this classification of connective is blood and has a hematopoietic function. It has more fibers, less ground substance
Fluid Connective Tissue
53
What is the fluid portion of blood?
plasma
54
It is the ability to produce blood cells
| e.g. bone marrow
hematopoietic function
55
T or F
| Adipose can also be found in mamary
T
56
T or F
| Fibrocartilage is not present in the intervertebral disc
F
57
T or F
| You can find areolar in the dermis area
T
58
Give the function of Loose Areolar Connective tissue
Support and nourishment
59
Give the location of Loose Areolar Connective tissue
Glands, muscles, nerves
60
Give the function of Loose Adipose Connective tissue
Thermal insulator • Energy storage
61
Give the location of Loose Adipose Connective tissue
Subcutaneous areas, mesenteries
62
Give the function of Loose Reticular Connective tissue
Provides attachment for lymphatic tissues
63
Give the location of Loose Reticular Connective tissue
Lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow
64
Give the function of Dense Regular Collagenous Connective tissue
Withstand great pulling forces due to tension strength & stretch resistance
65
Give the location of Dense Regular Collagenous Connective tissue
=Tendons, •
=ligaments,
• dermis,
• organ capsule
66
Give the function of Dense Regular Elastic Connective tissue
Stretching & recoiling like rubber band in the direction of fiber orientation
67
Give the location of Dense Regular Elastic Connective tissue
Elastic ligaments
▪ Vertebrae
▪ Vocal cords
▪ Blood vessel
68
It is a type of cartilage that has semi solid matrix
hyaline
69
Give the function of hyaline
```
Bone growth
▪ Rigidity
▪ Articulation
▪ Strong support
▪ flexibility
```
70
Give the location of hyaline
▪ Long Bones, cartilage, joints ligaments
| ▪ Embryonic skeleton
71
It is a type of cartilage that has more collagen
Fibrocartilage
72
Give the function of fibrocartilage
▪ Withstands compression
| ▪ Resists pulling or tearing forces
73
Give the location of fibrocartilage
▪ Intervertebral disc
| ▪ knees
74
It is a type of cartilage that contains elastic fiber
elastic
75
Give the function of elastic cartilage
Ability to recoil to original shape when bent.
76
Give the location of elastic cartilage
External ears, auditory tubes, epiglottis
77
It is a type of bone that has solid matrix mineralized
Spongy
78
Give the function of spongy bone
```
Strength
▪ Rigidity
▪ Support
▪ Protection
▪ movement
```
79
Give the location of spongy and compact bones
All bones of the body
80
It is a type of bone that is more solid;mineralized
Compact Bone
81
Give the function of compact bone
Attachment for muscles & ligaments
| ▪ movement
82
Give the function of blood
Transport O2, CO2, nutrients, hormones, waste products
| ▪ Protection against infection ▪ thermoregulation
83
Give the location of blood
Within blood vessels, WBC
84
Two types of Hematopoietic tissue
Red marrow and yellow marrow
85
Give the function of Hematopoietic tissue
Production of blood cells & platelets ▪ Produces fats, cartilage & bones
86
Give the location of Hematopoietic tissue
Bone marrow
87
What are the functions of muscle tissue
Contraction & relaxation
➢ Movement and locomotion
➢ Attachment and connection to bones
➢ Leverage and balance
88
TYPES of Muscle Tissue
❑ Skeletal
❑ Cardiac
❑ Smooth
89
What is the structure of skeletal muscle
* Striated
* Multinucleated
* Cells – long and cylindrical
90
What is the function of skeletal muscle
Voluntary movement
91
What is the location of skeletal muscle
Attached to bones, ligaments
| tendons
92
What is the structure of cardiac muscle
* Striated
* Cylindrical
* Single nucleus
* branched
93
What is the function of cardiac muscle
* Involuntary control
| * Pumps the blood
94
What is the location of cardiac muscle
heart
95
• Non-striated • Tapered at the end • mononucleated
Smooth muscle
96
What is the function of smooth muscle
* Involuntary
* Regulates organ size
* Goosebumps
* Controls amount light entering the eye
97
What is the location of smooth muscle
▪ Stomach, intestines skin, eyes
98
move or stabilize the position of the skeleton; guard entrances and exits to the digestive, respiratory, and urinary tracts; generate heat; and protect internal organs
Skeletal muscles
99
Moves blood and maintains blood pressure
Cardiac muscle
100
It moves food, urine, and reproductive tract secretions; controls diameter of respiratory passageways and regulates diameter of blood vessels
Smooth muscle
101
Forms brain, spinal cord and nerves.
Nervous Tissue
102
What are the functions of nervous tissue
➢ coordination/control of body activities
➢ reception of stimuli
➢Transmission of electrical nerve impulses to and from the brain
➢Integration and communication
➢Stores information
103
(parts of Neuron) Site of general cell functions
Cell body
104
➢ Receptor of stimuli
➢ Action Potential (electrical signals)
➢ Sending of information down the axon
Dendrites
105
▪ Transmits
▪ Integrates
▪ evaluates data
▪store information
Neuron
106
location of neuron
brain, spinal cord, ganglia, peripheral Nervous
107
This is a part of a neuron that communicates with other dendrites
Axon terminal
108
This is longer than dendrites. transmission of axon potential
Axon
109
It protects and insulates the neurons
Myelin sheath
110
It is the point of connection between an axon and a dendrite
| =Synaptic point
Synapse
111
Localized physical condition where part of the body becomes reddened, swollen, hot, painful and disturbed due to reaction to injury or infection.
Inflammation
112
What is the medical treatment for inflammation
RICE.
| Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation
113
Why do we use ice for treatement?
to enable constriction of the blood vessels. the blood will be interrupted (to stop bleeding)
114
T or F
| The more dilated the blood vessels are, more blood will flow
T
115
Give the 5 cardinal signs of inflammation
Pain, heat, redness, swelling, loss of function
116
Prolonged infection / inflammatory response
Healing process is interfered
Tissues severely damaged (cells die)
Inhibits synthesis, release and action of chemical mediators of inflammation
Drug intervention is needed
Chronic inflammation
117
What are the drugs needed for chronic inflammation?
Antihistamine, aspirin, ibuprofen, naproxen
118
What are the two types of inflammation?
Acute & Chronic
119
(TYPE OF INFLAMMATION)
=short duration-few minutes to days
=protein exudate
=neutrophils predominate
Acute
120
```
(TYPE OF INFLAMMATION)
=days to years
=mainly macrophages and lymphocytes
=proliferation of blood vessels, fibrosis, and tissue necrosis
=fewer neutrophils
```
Chronic
121
How do you distinguish acute versus chronic inflammation?
by the duration and the type of infiltrating inflammatory cells
122
Give three examples for acute illnesses
cough, cold, sleeplessness, flu
123
Give three examples for chronic diseases
cancer, AIDS, kidney disease, diabetes, tuberculosis, alzheimer's, Prakinson's, Sarcadosis
124
regenerative medicine
promotes the repair response of injured tissue using stem cells.
Substitute for organ transplantation, uses cells instead of donor organs
replace neurons damaged by spinal cord injury, stroke, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease or other neurological problems;
produce insulin that could treat people with diabetes and heart muscle cells that could repair damage after a heart attack.
stem cell therapy
125
Wound healing steps
Homeostasis, inflammatory, proliferative, remodeling
or
Bleeding, inflammation, proliferation, remodeling
126
(INFLAMMATORY)
| About 1 week, a ___ is present And new epidermis is growing
scab
127
(Proliferative)
| About 2 weeks, fibroblasts formed ____
granulation tissue
128
About 1 month wound completely closed, granulation tissue being replace by new connective tissue
Remodeling
129
A stem cell can become any one of the ___ different cells in the body
220
130
these organs can benefit from stem cell:
Kidney, genitalia, liver, heart, lungs, brain
131
Give some effects of aging on tissues
=cells divide more slowly
=collagen become more irregular in structure, though they may increase in number
=elastic fibers fragment, bind to calcium ions, and become less elastic (arterial walls and elastic ligaments become less elastic)
=Rate of blood cell synthesis decline in the elderly
=injuries don't heal as readily
132
Changes in collages and elastin result in:
- atherosclerosis(the buildup of fats, cholesterol and other substances in and on your artery walls )and reduced blood supply to tisses
- wrinkling of the skin
- increased tendency for bones to break
133
are nonmotile cells that release chemicals, such as histamine, that promote inflammation.
mast cells
134
consists of nonfibrous molecule and it is the shapeless background against which cells and collagen fibers can be seen when using a light microscope.
Ground substance
