HUMAN ORGANISM Flashcards
(139 cards)
1
Q
What is Anatomy?
A
Study of the structure of the human body
2
Q
What is Physiology?
A
Study of the function of the human body
3
Q
What is developmental anatomy?
A
Changes that occur between conception and adulthood
4
Q
conception to the end of the eight week of development
A
Embryology
5
Q
study of the cells
A
Cytology
6
Q
Study of tissues
A
Histology
7
Q
- without the aid of microscope
* can be studied regionally or systematically
A
Gross Anatomy
8
Q
Structural group with one or more common function
A
System
9
Q
Involves looking at the exterior of the body
A
Surface Anatomy
10
Q
Uses X-ray ultrasound, magnetic resonance
A
Anatomical Imaging
11
Q
Who is the first scientist to use x-ray?1895
A
Wilham Roentgen
12
Q
Physical properties differ from the normal pattern
A
Anatomical anomalies
13
Q
It is a syndrome in which certain blood vessels are not attached in their correct location. Blood not effectively pumped to the lung. Does not receive adequate oxygen.
A
Blue Baby Syndrome
14
Q
Examines processes occurring in the cells
A
Cell physiology
15
Q
Considers the functions of organ systems
A
Systemic Physiology
16
Q
Focuses on the functions of nervous system
A
Neurophysiology
17
Q
Deals with the functions of heart and blood vessels
A
Cardiovascular physiology
18
Q
The medical science that deals with all aspects of diseases.
A
Pathology
19
Q
Focuses on the changes in function and structure caused by exercise
A
Exercise Physiology
20
Q
- extremely shortwave electromagnetic radiation
* exposing a photographic plate to form a RADIOGRAPH
A
X-ray
21
Q
- Developed in the early 1950s from World War II
- Uses HIGH-FREQUENCE SOUND WAVES, emitted from a transmitter-receiver placed on the skin
- visualizes sonogram image
- Can capture real-time elements
A
Ultrasound
22
Q
- DEVELOPED IN 1972
- Originally called COMPUTERIZED AXIAL TOMOGRAPHIC
- low intensity x-ray tube is rotated through a 360 degree arc around the patient
- image of “A SLICE”
A
Computed Tomographic (CT) scans)
23
Q
- 3D radiographic image of an organ
- radiopaque dye
- ANGIOPLASTY is performed here
A
Digital Subtraction Angiography (DSA)
24
Q
Tiny balloon to unclog artery
A
Angioplasty
25
* Inside a large magnetic field
* water
* Alignment of hydrogen atom proton is most important to this imaging
* very sensitive in detecting some forms of cancer
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
26
* Metabollic state of various tissue
* positively charged subatomic particles called "POSITRON" are emmited
* pinpoint the metabolically active cells
Positron Emission Tomography
27
What are the ten levels of organization of the body and its characteristics
Subatomic particles - electrons, protons, and neutrons
Atom- Hydrogen, lithium, atom
Molecule- water, glucose
Macromolecule- Protein, DNA
Organelle- organs inside the cell
Cell- muscle cell, etc
Tissue-epithelia, connective, muscle, and nerve
Organ- skin, femur, heart, kidney etc.
Organ system - skeletal system, digestive system, etc
Organism- human
28
What are the six levels of organization of the body and its characteristics?
Chemical level- interaction bet. atoms
Cell level- basic structural and functional unit of plants
Tissue level- Group of similar cells
Organ level- composed of two or more tissue
Organ system level- group of organs
Organism- any living things considered as a whole
29
Give the 10 characteristics of life and its function
* Movement
* Responsiveness
* Growth
* Reproduction
* Respiration
* Digestion
* Absorption
* Circulation
* Assimilation
* Excretion
* Life Cycle
30
Change in position; motion
Movement
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Reaction to change
Responsiveness/Irritability
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Increase in body size; no change in shape
Growth
33
Production of new organisms and new cells
Reproduction
34
Obtaining oxygen; removing carbon dioxide; releasing energy from foods
Respiration
35
Breaking down of food substances into simpler forms
Digestion
36
Passage of substances through membranes and into body fluid
Absorption
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Movement of substances in body fluids
Circulation
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Changing of absorbed substances into chemically different forms
Assimilation
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Removal of wastes produced by metabolic reactions
Excretion
40
Changes an organism undergoes through time
Development
41
Involves changes in a cell's structure and function from an immature
Differentiation
42
Change in shape of tissues, organs, and the entire organism
Morphogenesis
43
Provides protection, regulates temperature, prevents water loss, and helps produce vitamin D. Consists of skin, hair, nails, and sweat glands
Integumentary System
44
Provides protection and support, allows body movements, produces blood cells, and stores minerals and adipose. Consists of bones, associated cartilages, ligaments, and joints.
Skeletal system
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Produces body movements, maintains posture, and produces body heat. Consists of muscles attached to the skeleton by tendons.
Skeletal system
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Removes foreign substances from the blood and lymph, combats disease, maintains tissues fluid balance, and absorbs dietary fats from the digestive tract. Consists of the lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and other lymphatic organs
Lymphatic System
47
Exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and air and regulated blood pH. Consists of the lungs and respiratory passages
Respiratory system
48
Performs the mechanical and chemical processes of digestion, absorption of nutrients, and elimination of wastes. Consists of the mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, and accessory organs.
Digestive System
49
A major regulatory system that detects sensations and controls movements, physiological processes, and intellectual functions. Consists of the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory receptors.
Nervous System
50
A major regulatory system that influences metabolism, growth, reproduction, and many other functions. Consists of glands, such as the pituitary, that secrete hormones.
Endocrine System
51
Transports nutrients, waste products, gases, and hormones throughout the body; plays a role in the immune response and the regulation of body temperature. Consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood.
Cardiovascular System
52
Removes waste products from the blood and regulates blood pH, ion balance, and water balance. Consists of the kidneys, urinary bladder, and ducts that carry urine.
Urinary System
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Produces oocytes and is the site of fertilization and fetal development; produces milk for the newborn; produces hormones that influence sexual function and behaviors. Consists of the ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, mammary glands, and associated structures.
Female Reproductive System
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Produces and transfers sperm cells to the female and produces hormones that influence sexual functions and behaviors. Consists of the testes, accessory structures, ducts, and penis.
Male Reproductive System
55
Greek physician who observed on rats. He described that liver has 4 lobes
Cladius Galen
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who is considered the first modern anatomist, carefully examined human cadavers and began to correct the textbooks.
Andreas Vesalius
57
What are the five maintenance of life?
* Water
* Food
* Oxygen
* Heat
* Pressure
58
- most abundant substance in body (2/3 75%)
- required for metabolic processes
- required for transport of substances
- regulates body temperature
WATER
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- provides necessary nutrients
- supplies energy
- supplies raw materials
FOOD
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- one-fifth of air
- used to release energy from nutrients
- catalyst
- for combustion
OXYGEN
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- form of energy
| - partly controls rate of metabolic reactions
HEAT
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- application of force on an object
PRESSURE
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Pressure that is important for breathing
Atmospheric pressure
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It keeps the blood flowing
hydrostatic pressure
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is the existence and maintenance of a relatively constant environment within the body.
Homeostasis
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Our average body temperature is ___ degrees Fahrenheit.
98.6
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monitors aspects of the internal environment and corrects as needed. Variations are within limits.
Homeostatic Control Mechanisms
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- provides information about the stimuli
| - monitors the value of a variable such as body temperature
Receptor
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- tells what a particular value should be (called the set point)
- such as part of the brain, which establishes the set point around which the variable is maintained through communication with the receptors and effectors
Control Center
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- elicits responses that change conditions in the internal environment
- such as sweat glands, which can adjust the value of the variable, usually back toward the set point.
Effector
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Two types of feedback mechanism
* Negative feedback mechanisms
| * Positive feedback mechanisms
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any deviation from the set point is made smaller or is resisted
• Negative feedback mechanisms
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* Prevents sudden, severe changes in the body
* Corrects the set point
* Causes opposite of bodily disruption to occur, i.e. the „negative‟
* Most common type of feedback loop
* Examples: body temperature, blood pressure & glucose regulation
• Negative feedback mechanisms
74
occur when a response to the original stimulus results in the deviation from the set point becoming even greater.
• Positive feedback mechanisms
75
* Increases (accelerates) the actions of the body
* short-lived
* do not require continuous adjustments
* Examples: blood clotting and child birth
• Positive feedback mechanisms
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Why is changed variable is a stimulus?
because it initiates a homeostatic mechanism.
77
standing erect, facing forward, upper limbs at the sides, palms facing forward and thumbs out
Anatomical Position
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A person is supine when lying face _____
upward
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prone when lying face ______
downward
80
Up is replaced by ____
superior
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Down by ___
inferior
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front by ____
anterior
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back by _____
posterior
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In humans, the term superior is interchangeable with the term ______
cephalic
85
the term inferior is interchangeable with the term ____
caudal
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anterior = ___
ventral
87
posterior = ___
dorsal
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____ means “nearest"
Proximal
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_____ means “distant.”
distal
90
_____ means “toward the midline,”
Medial
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____ means “away from the midline.”
Lateral
92
The nose is in a _____ position in the face, and the eyes are ____ to the nose.
medial ; lateral
93
describes a structure close to the surface of the body
Superficial
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toward the interior of the body.
Deep
95
The central region of the body consists of the ____, ____, and ___.
head, neck, and trunk.
96
The trunk can be divided into the ____, ____, and ____.
thorax, abdomen, and pelvis.
97
the chest cavity where the heart and lungs are located.
thorax
98
The abdomen contains organs such as the ____, ____, and ____.
liver, stomach, and intestines.
99
The pelvis contains the _____ and _____
bladder and reproductive organs.
100
The upper limb is divided into the _____, _____, _____, and _____.
arm, forearm, wrist, and hand.
101
The arm extends from the ____ to the _____
shoulder ; elbow
102
the forearm extends from the _____ to the ____
elbow ; wrist
103
The lower limb is divided into the _____, _____, _____, and _____.
thigh, leg, ankle, and foot.
104
The thigh extends from the ___ to the ___,
hip ; knee
105
the leg extends from the ___ to the ___
knee ; ankle
106
HEAD ANTERIOR VIEW (7)
frontal, orbital, nasal, ora, buccal, otic, mental
107
neck (anterior)
cervical
108
TRUNK ANTERIOR VIEW (8)
pectoral, sternal, mammary, abdominal, umbilical, pelvic, inguinal, pubic
109
UPPER LIMB ANTERIOR VIEW
clavicular, axillary, brachial, antebrachial, carpal, palmar, digital
110
LOWER LIMB ANTERIOR VIEW
coxal,femoral,patellar,crural, talus, dorsum, digital
111
CRANIAL POSTERIOR VIEW
occipital, nuchal
112
TRUNK POSTERIOR
{dorsal: scapular, vertebral, lumbar} sacral, gluteal, perineal
113
UPPER LIMB POSTERIOR
Acromial, olecranon, dorsum
114
LOWER LIMB POSTERIOR
popliteal, sural, plantar, calcaneal
115
NINE REGIONS OF ABDOMINOPELVIC
left and right hypochondriac region, epigastric region, left and right lumbar region, umbilical region, right and left iliac region, hypogastric region
116
Right Upper Quadrant
liver, gallbladder, kidney, right transverse colon, upper ascending colon, right abdominal organs
117
Right Lower Quadrant
Appendix, lower ascending colon, right pelvic organs
118
Left Upper Quadrant
stomach, spleen, left transverse colon, upper descending colon
119
Left Lower Quadrant
lower descending colon, left pelvic organs
120
divides body into left and right portions
Sagittal or Median
121
divides body into equal left and right portions
Mid-sagittal
122
divides body into unequal left and right portions
Para-sagittal
123
describe the body as having imaginary flat surfaces
Planes
124
divides body into superior and inferior portions
Transverse or Horizontal
125
divides body into anterior and posterior portions
Coronal or Frontal
126
The thoracic cavity is divided into right and left parts by a middle section called the ______
mediastinum
127
abdominal cavity, which contains the ____, the ____, the ____, the ____, the ____, and the ____.
stomach, the intestines, the liver, the spleen, the pancreas, and the kidneys.
128
Pelvic bones encase the small space known as the pelvic cavity, where the ____, part of the ____, and the ____ are housed.
urinary bladder, part of the large intestine, and the internal reproductive organs
129
covers an organ
Visceral layer
130
lines a cavity or body wall
Parietal layer
131
Thoracic Membranes?
* Visceral pleura
* Parietal pleura
* Visceral pericardium
* Parietal pericardium
132
Abdominopelvic Membranes
* Parietal peritoneum
* Visceral peritoneum
* Parietal perineum
* Visceral perineum
133
What are mesenteries?
specialized membrane of abdominopelvic cavity, anchor the organ and provides a pathway for nerves and blood vessels to reach the organs
134
Mediastinum contains?
heart, thymus, trachea, esophagus, blood vessels, and nerves
135
Parietal Peritoneum (retroperitoneal) ?
kidneys, adrenal glands, pancreas, parts of the intestines, urinary bladder
136
is inflammation of the pericardium
Pericarditis
137
is inflammation of the pleura,
pleurisy
138
is inflammation of the peritoneum.
peritonitis
139
line the trunk cavities and covers the organs
serous membrane
