Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

DAT BIO > DAT bio Chapter 11.2 Respiratory system > Flashcards

DAT bio Chapter 11.2 Respiratory system Flashcards

(90 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What is respiration

A

exchange of gas between the outside environment and the inside of an organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

autotrophs do what

A

produce their own food through photosynthesis, releasing oxygen and making carbohydrates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

cellular respiration produces what and happens when?

A

after photosynthesis and uses up oxygen and carbohydrates to produce energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Where does gas exchange occur in plants and woody stems

A

stomata

lenticels (wood stems)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the name of small invertebrates that use
simple diffusion for respiration due to the lack
of a circulatory system (no circulatory systmem)

A

Cnidaria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

For simple diffusion to happen in Cnidaria, what criteria’s must be met?

A

all cells must be
in direct contact with the environment.
Environment must be moist for diffusion to
happen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Simple diffusion goes in what direction?

A

high to low concentration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

_____includes earthworms that also use
simple diffusion for respiration but have a
closed circulatory system.

A

Annelida

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How do annelida use simple diffusion>

A

They use a slimy
mucus to facilitate the transport of oxygen
into their closed circulatory system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

______ are invertebrates, such as
insects and crustaceans, that have an open
circulatory system with hemolymph, a fluid
similar to blood.

A

Arthropoda

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How does gas exchange happen in arthropoda?

A

Gas exchange happens
mainly through the tracheal system for
insects and through book lungs for
arachnids.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

______ are a part of the phylum Chordata and
have a closed circulatory system with blood
to transport gas.

A

Fish

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How do fish absorb oxygen and remove carbon dioxide from their blood?

A

Fish have gills with a large
surface area for gas exchange and use
countercurrent exchange t

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Where is lungs located

A

thoracic cavity and are covered by the rib cage. The left lung has two lobes
and is smaller than the right lung, which has three
lobes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What covers the lung>

A

the pleura which is a dual-layered
membrane composed of the parietal layer (outer
layer) and the visceral layer (inner layer).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the pleural space?

A

fluid-filled space in between
the parietal and visceral layers. This space is at a
lower pressure than the atmosphere, and creates
the intrapleural pressure.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What happens during inhalation

A

involves the
contraction of the diaphragm (pulls lungs
downwards) and the external intercostal
muscles (expands the rib cage). These
contractions cause the pressure of the
intrapleural space to decrease and the volume
of the lungs to increase, bringing air into the
lung

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What happens during exhalation during

A 
relaxation of the diaphragm and the external
intercostal muscles, bringing
the lungs back up and closing
up the rib cage through
elastic recoil . This causes the
pressure of the intrapleural
space to increase and the
volume of the lungs to
decrease, driving air out of the
lungs. The internal
intercostal muscles can also
contract during a more
forced expiration, closing the
rib cage even more.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Tidal volume

A

e volume of air that moves
through the lungs between a normal inhalation
and exhalation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Inspiratory reserve volume

A

maximum
volume of air that can be inhaled further after a
normal inhalation is already taken in.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Expiratory reserve volume

A

e maximum
volume of air that can be exhaled further after a
normal exhalation is already released.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Residual volume

A

minimum amount of air
that needs to be present in the lungs to prevent
collapse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Functional residual capacity

A

the entire volume
of air still present in the lungs after a normal
exhalation. It is also the sum of the expiratory
reserve volume and the residual volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Vital capacity

A

maximum amount of air that
can be exhaled after a maximum inhalation. It is
the sum of the inspiratory reserve volume, tidal
volume, and expiratory reserve volume.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Total lung capacity
sum of the vital capacity and the residual volume: it is the maximum volume the lungs could possibly hold at any given time.
26
Nasal cavity contains what 2 things
ns goblet cells (secrete mucus) and ciliated epithelial cells (move mucus and trapped debris) that work in tandem with each other
27
Where does the pharynx start?
beginning of the throat after the nasal cavity
28
Under the control of _______ it diverts air and food into the larynx and the esophagus (passage talking about pharynx
epiglottis
29
The _____ receives air and contains the | voice box
larynx
30
What refers to the nasal cavity, pharynx, and larynx?
upper respiratory tract
31
The esophagus receives _____ and _____ to the stomach
food | connects
32
Trachea is below or above the larynx
below
33
How many bronchi are there?
2
34
Bronchi branch off into what
smaller bronchioles and eventually into alveoli
35
THe lower respiratory refers to what
trachea,bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli
36
Alveoli contains what type of cells
type 1 epithelial cells (structural support) and type 2 epithelial cells (produce surfactant). Surfactant is a substance that prevents the lungs from collapsing by reducing surface tension
37
What is the overall pathway of AIr
Nasal Cavity → Pharynx → Larynx → Trachea → | Bronchi → Bronchioles → Alveoli
38
Differences in ____ allow gases to flow from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure through simple diffusion.
partial pressure
39
Differences in partial pressure allow gases to flow from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure through simple diffusion. This is required for_______ and internal respiration (gas exchange between blood and tissues).
``` external respiration (gas exchange between inspired air and lung alveolar capillaries) ```
40
Pathway for carbon dioxide
Tissues → Blood → Air
41
Pathway for oxygen
Air → Blood → Tissue
42
Describe the structure of hemoglobin
tetrameric and has | a heme cofactor in each of its four subunits.
43
What is a heme cofactor
organic molecules that contain iron atoms, which bind oxygen. Thus, each hemoglobin can carry up to four oxygen molecules.
44
What transports most of the | oxygen traveling in the blood.
Oxyhemoglobin (HbO2
45
What is cooperativity?
process by which the binding of one oxygen molecule to hemoglobin makes it easier for others to bind due to changes in the shape of the hemoglobin polypeptide. This also works in reverse, allowing efficient unloading of oxygen in body tissues.
46
Carboxyhemoglobin (HbCO) is produced when ______outcompetes oxygen for hemoglobin binding. Carbon monoxide poisoning occurs as a result, because oxygen can no longer be transported efficiently.
carbon monoxide
47
Carbaminohemoglobin (HbCO2 ) is a form of _______
hemoglobin that transports carbon dioxide.
48
What does carbon dioxide dissolve into in blood?
bicarbonate | anion (HCO3 -).
49
Is carbon dioxide much more soluble in blood than oxygen?
Yes
50
``` Reduced hemoglobin (H + Hb) ```
is produced by H + ions binding to hemoglobin, outcompeting oxygen and lowering oxygen binding affinity (less HbO2 ). On the other hand, carbon dioxide binding affinity is increased (more HbCO2
51
Myoglobin
single peptide with one heme cofactor. It has a much higher affinity for oxygen than oxyhemoglobin and is found within cardiac and skeletal muscle cells to bring oxygen in. Also, myoglobin has a hyperbolic oxygen dissociation curve because it does not undergo cooperativity (hemoglobin’s curve is sigmoidal ).
52
oxygen dissociation curve
reveals the relationship between the saturation of hemoglobin with oxygen in the blood and the partial pressure of oxygen. Certain conditions will shift this curve either left or right.
53
right-shifted curve corresponds to what
lowered | affinity for oxygen in hemoglobin.
54
main reasons for a right-shifted curve.
- decreased pH - High partial pressure of carbon dioxide: - 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG) - Increased body temperature
55
Decreased pH
``` a lower pH means there is a higher concentration of protons (H + ), which produces reduced hemoglobin. Reduced hemoglobin (H + Hb) has a lowered affinity for binding oxygen, resulting in less HbO2 ```
56
High partial pressure of carbon dioxide
more carbon dioxide is converted to bicarbonate anions (HCO3 -) and protons (H + ), which lower oxygen binding affinity through decreased pH.
57
2,3-diphosphoglycerate
accumulates in cells that undergo anaerobic respiration as a result of the loss of oxygen. This compound decreases oxygen binding affinity so more oxygen is released from hemoglobin to fuel aerobic respiration.
58
Increased body temperature:
correlates to more cellular respiration, which uses up oxygen and produces more carbon dioxide. Thus, hemoglobin will need to unload more oxygen for tissues to use and have decreased oxygen binding affinity
59
left-shifted curve corresponds to what
an increased | affinity for oxygen in hemoglobin.
60
main reasons for a left-shifted curve
``` Increased pH (more basic): Low partial pressure of carbon dioxide Fetal hemoglobin fetus. Decreased body temperature ```
61
Increased pH (more basic)
``` fewer protons (H + ) to produce reduced hemoglobin (H + Hb), so more oxyhemoglobin (HbO2 ) remains ```
62
Low partial pressure of carbon dioxide:
less carbon dioxide is converted to bicarbonate anions (HCO3 -) and protons (H + ), leading to increased oxygen binding affinity through increased pH.
63
Fetal hemoglobin:
binds oxygen better than adult hemoglobin to help give oxygen to the fetus.
64
Decreased body temperature:
less cellular respiration, so hemoglobin isn’t influenced to unload more oxygen and has an increased oxygen binding affinity
65
DAT Mnemonic: CADET, face Right!
CADET = Carbon dioxide, Acid, 2,3-Diphosphoglycerate, Exercise and Temperature. CADET Increase → Right shifted curve
66
What is bohr effect
hemoglobin has decreased oxygen affinity when carbon dioxide is high. Carbon dioxide is converted to bicarbonate anions and protons, which produce reduced hemoglobin (H + Hb)
67
Haldane effect
hemoglobin has increased carbon dioxide affinity when oxygen is low. As a result of low oxygen, reduced hemoglobin (H + Hb) levels are higher and have a greater affinity for carbon dioxide.
68
bicarbonate buffering system equation
CO2 + H2 O ↔ H2 CO3 ↔ HCO3- + H+
69
What catalyzed the bicarbonate buffering system
carbonic anhydrase both directions based | on concentrations
70
Carbonic anhydrase is an | enzyme present ____-
red blood cells
71
Carbonic acid
(H2 CO3 )
72
Bicarbonate anion
(HCO3– )
73
What is the chloride shift?
In erythrocytes (red blood cells) in the systemic circulation, the partial pressure of carbon dioxide is low. As a result, carbon dioxide continuously diffuses in from the tissues, and is converted into bicarbonate and protons. Bicarbonate is able to diffuse out of the cell, however, protons (H + ) cannot eave. As some bicarbonate diffuses out, this creates a positive charge within the erythrocyte, and chloride ions (Cl - ) must diffuse into the blood cell to cancel out the positive charge of the protons.
74
_____ of protons causes the pH to decrease within the erythrocyte, resulting in the conversion of ____ into reduced ____ Reduced hemoglobin has lower affinity for O2 , leading to release of oxygen which diffuses to the tissues.
Increase oxyhemoglobin hemoglobin.
75
Gas Exchange in Lungs | step 1
Blood travels to the lungs through bulk flow.
76
Gas Exchange in Lungs | step 2
Since most of the carbon dioxide is present in the blood plasma as bicarbonate ions (HCO3 - ), the bicarbonate ions re-enter erythrocytes at the lungs and chloride ions leave through the reverse chloride shift.
77
Gas Exchange in Lungs | step 3
The bicarbonate buffer system equation proceeds in the reverse direction, producing carbon dioxide and water. The carbon dioxide exits into the alveoli as gas while oxygen enters the blood, forming oxyhemoglobin.
78
Where is the medulla oblongata located?
brain
79
What does the medulla oblongata control?
the diaphragm to regulate respiratory rate. Central chemoreceptors and peripheral chemoreceptors signal to the medulla.
80
Central chemoreceptors are located where
medulla oblongata and contained within the | blood-brain barrier.
81
Peripheral chemoreceptors surrounds what
aortic arch and carotid arteries.
82
These peripheral | chemoreceptors directly sense what
oxygen, carbon dioxide, and proton levels to signal to the medulla oblongata.
83
When carbon dioxide is ___ and ____ oxygen is , peripheral chemoreceptors signal to the______ to increase breathing rate.
high and low | medulla oblongata
84
Respiratory acidosis
lowered blood pH occurs | due to inadequate breathing (hypoventilation)
85
Respiratory alkalosis
increased blood pH occurs due to rapid breathing (hyperventilation)
86
Metabolic acidosis
(lowered blood pH)
87
metabolic alkalosis
(increased blood pH) occur as a result of imbalances in carbon dioxide, oxygen, or proton levels.
88
pathogens
Harmful microorganisms that cause disease
89
what are lymphocytes
white blood cells found mainly in the lymphatic organs (T cells, B cells, natural killer cells) that originate from the bone marrow. T cells mature in the thymus while B cells mature in the bone marrow.
90
The innate immune system is the _____-
first line of defense and generates a nonspecific immune response

DAT BIO (25 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions