DAT bio chapter 14 ecology

Question 1

Abiotic factors

Answer 1

nonliving elements of an

ecosystem (eg. temperature, water, light).

Question 2

biotic factors

Answer 2

living elements of an

ecosystem (eg. plants, animals, etc.).

Question 3

species

Answer 3

group that can interbreed and

have viable, fertile offspring.

Question 4

Population:

Answer 4

specific species living in a

specific location.

Question 5

Habitat:

Answer 5

type of place where a specific
organism lives. Includes other organisms
(biotic) and physical aspects (abiotic).

Question 6

Ecological community:

Answer 6

all populations in a

given area.

Question 7

Ecosystem?

Answer 7

all the organisms in an ecological
community (biotic), and the abiotic factors
interacting within it.

Question 8

biosphere?

Answer 8

all ecosystems on Earth, their
interactions with each other and the
lithosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere,
atmosphere.

Question 9

Density-dependent factors

Answer 9

depend on
population density. Becomes more significant as the population density increases. (eg. disease, resource
competition).

Question 10

Density-independent factors

Answer 10

do not depend

on population density (eg. climate, weather).

Question 11

What is organism niche?

Answer 11

the biotic and abiotic resources an organism uses

Question 12

what is realized niche?

Answer 12

where it truly lives

Question 13

what is fundamental niche?

Answer 13

the full range of environmental conditions where it could survive

Question 14

What is Gause’s law

Answer 14

(competitive exclusion principle):
Two species cannot occupy the same niche and
maintain population levels: one will outcompete
the other.

Question 15

What is resource partitioning?

Answer 15

allows species to coexist

Question 16

What is competition?

Answer 16

2 species compete for the same resources

Question 17

Intraspecific competition

Answer 17

occurs between
members of the same species (eg. two rabbits
competing for carrots).

Question 18

Exploitation competition

Answer 18

is indirect and
occurs when resources are depleted. (eg.
cheetahs deplete gazelle population,
affecting lions).

Question 19

Apparent competition

Answer 19

occurs when one

predator preys on two species.

Question 20

Symbioisis

Answer 20

(living together) is a close, long-term

interaction between two organisms (symbionts).

Question 21

Mutualism (+/+):

Answer 21

both organisms benefit (eg.

oxpecker bird eating ticks off rhino).

Question 22

Commensalism (+/0):

Answer 22

one organism benefits
and the other is unaffected. (eg. jackal eating
tiger’s leftovers).

Question 23

Parasitism (+/-):

Answer 23

one organism benefits at the
other’s expense. (eg. tapeworm in human
gastrointestinal tract).

Question 24

food chain

Answer 24

linear depiction of what eats

what (eg. carrot → rabbit → fox → lion).

Question 25

food web

Answer 25

expanded food chain depicting | interconnections between food chains.

Question 26

Trophic level:

Answer 26

an organism’s position within | a food chain or food web.

Question 27

Autotroph:

Answer 27

produces organic compounds from abiotic factors (sunlight, water, CO2 , etc.)

Question 28

Heterotroph:

Answer 28

must ingest organic | compounds to generate energy & survive.

Question 29

Invasive species:

Answer 29

species: non-native species that outcompetes native species and overtakes ecosystem.

Question 30

noninvasive species

Answer 30

non-native species that survives in but does not overrun an ecosystem.

Question 31

Who is at the lowest trophic level?

Answer 31

primary producers

Question 32

Example of primary producer

Answer 32

autotrophs

Question 33

what eats primary producers?

Answer 33

primary consumers

Question 34

What are primary consumers?

Answer 34

often herbivores. they eat primary producers

Question 35

What percentage of energy stored in trophic level is converted to organic tissue in the next trophic level as energy transfer

Answer 35

10 percent

Question 36

what is the ranking going from highest biomass to smallest biomass

Answer 36

producers- primary consumers- secondary consumers-tertiary consumers

Question 37

What do scavengers do

Answer 37

they are carnivores or herbivores that eat nother dead animals Ex. vultures and beetles)

Question 38

examples of decomposers

Answer 38

Saprophytes (plants, fungi, microorganisms) decomposers that consume dead or decaying organic material, and work with scavengers in organic recycling.

Question 39

What is the most important decomposer

Answer 39

fungi and some bacteria decompose organism, forming detritus (feces and decomposing matter)

Question 40

What are detritivores

Answer 40

worms and slugs that consume detritus, exposing more organic material for decomposers

Question 41

Biotic potential:

Answer 41

species’ ability to undergo its highest population growth (highest births, lowest deaths) when conditions are ideal.

Question 42

Carrying capacity:

Answer 42

maximum population | size an ecosystem can sustain.

Question 43

K-selected species: examples

Answer 43

``` humans and large mammals long birth time few large offsprings long time to mature significant parental investment high surivival rate and reproductive age ```

Question 44

r selected species: examples

Answer 44

insects, bacteria, abundant, small offspring, mature quickly, no parental investment, many do not survive to reproductive age

Question 45

What kind of curve is k selected>

Answer 45

type 1 survivorship

Question 46

what kind of curve is r selected?

Answer 46

type 3 survivorship

Question 47

Explain about type 2 survivorship curve

Answer 47

survival probability is constant regardless of age (eg. hydra, some birds & small mammals, lizards).

Question 48

What is ecological succession?

Answer 48

process where an ecological community develops and changes over time.

Question 49

When does ecological succession happen?

Answer 49

occurs in a new habitat or after a disturbance

Question 50

What happens in primary succession?

Answer 50

happens after a large disturbance (volcanic eruption or on a a rocky terrian that has never supposed life) It all happens on a substrate that completely lacks plant and animals life.

Question 51

What begins primary succession

Answer 51

pioneer species (eg lichen, fungi, and algae or a small plant will come plant itself) pioneer species → thin soil → vascular plants (grasses, shrubs) → larger plants (trees) → animals

Question 52

What is the result of primary sucession?

Answer 52

climax community results. A steady state is reached and a balance of species is achieved.

Question 53

What is secondary sucession?

Answer 53

succession occurs on terrain that has supported life previously but lost it to a big flood or fire. Follows the same step of primary succession except it begins with grasses and shrubs

Question 54

what is keystone species

Answer 54

Smaller number of species (lions, bears, killer whales) that keeps other species in check. NO overabundance happens due to one species.

Question 55

The aquatic biome is the _____ of earths biome and it consists of ____ of earths surface

Answer 55

largest | 75 percent

Question 56

What is the aquatic biome divided into?

Answer 56

``` freshwater biomes (~3%) and saltwater biomes (~97%). ```

Question 57

What is an estuarie?

Answer 57

areas where freshwater meets saltwater

Question 58

How is the layers of the ocean divided

Answer 58

based on the amount of sunlight it receivesq

Question 59

Euphotic zone

Answer 59

(lots of sun) closet to the surface | allows for plant survival and photsynthesis

Question 60

littoral zone

Answer 60

area of the euphotic zone where sunlight penetrates all the way to the ocean floor

Question 61

disphotic zone

Answer 61

(little sun) not enough sun for sufficient plant growth Bioluminescent species produce light here.

Question 62

Aphotic zone

Answer 62

no light or photosynthetic species. Some bioluminescent species. Select fish can survive off of dead matter descending to the ocean floor.