DAT bio Chapter 11.8 digestive system

Question 1

Intracellular digestion

Answer 1

within cells (eg:
amoeba pseudopods bring food inside
its single cell for digestion)

Question 2

Extracellular digestion

Answer 2

outside of cells
(eg: humans digest food then brings
nutrients into its cell for further
processing)

Question 3

Mechanical Digestion

Answer 3

physical breakdown

of food

Question 4

Chemical Digestion

Answer 4

chemical breakdown

of food, using enzymes.

Question 5

whats in saliva that helps break down starch into maltose?

Answer 5

salivary amylase

Question 6

what does the pharynx separate into?

Answer 6

the trachea and esophagus

Question 7

Function of epiglottis

Answer 7

blocks the opening to the trachea, prevents choking

Question 8

Food goes down what tube

Answer 8

esophagus (tube structure that guides food to stomach

Question 9

How is the food pushed down?

Answer 9

using peristalsis (rhythmic waves of contraction)

Question 10

Structure of eophagus

Answer 10

The upper third of the esophagus
consists of skeletal muscle, the lower third
consists of smooth muscle, and the middle third
is a mixture of the two.

Question 11

Food enters the stomach using what

Answer 11

cardiac sphincter

Question 12

Function of cardiac sphincter and structure

Answer 12

Its a ring of muscles

that also churns food (mechanic) and breaks down protein and fat using enzymes (chemical)

Question 13

Stomach lining is filled with what

Answer 13

gastric pits that leads to gastric glands

Question 14

What protects the stomach lining from acid?

Answer 14

mucus that is produced from mucous cells

Question 15

Food entry causes the stomach to _____,
signaling _____ to release ______, a hormone
with two functions:

Answer 15

distend
G cells
Gastrin

Question 16

Gastrin has what 2 functions

Answer 16

1. Stimulates parietal cells to release
   extremely acidic gastric juice
2. Stimulates chief cells to secrete gastric
   lipase (breaks down fats to fatty acids +
   glycerol) and pepsinogen (a zymogen -
   an inactive enzyme precursor) which is
   activated to pepsin in acid. Pepsin cleaves
   peptide bonds (proteins → amino acids).

Question 17

What is chyme

Answer 17

(acidic, semi-digested food) that goes from stomach to small intestine

Question 18

Chyme exits to the small intestine using what

Answer 18

pyloric sphincter.

Question 19

Small intestine is responsible for what

Answer 19

for 90% of digestion and nutrient

absorption.

Question 20

small intestine is composed of 3 parts

Answer 20

duodenum (digestion), jejunum, and ileum (absorption) -

remember DJ Eye (D > J > I).

Question 21

What protects small intestine from the highly acidic chyme

Answer 21

goblet cells (secrete mucus)
And secretin (hormone) which is secreted by the entry of Chyme. Secretin stimulates the pancreas to release basic
bicarbonate ions (HCO3-). into the duodenum using the pancreatic duct. Since HCO3 is basic, it neutralizes the acidic chyme

Question 22

What hormone is released by small intestine to let other accessory glands know that its time to act

Answer 22

Cholecytokinin (CKK)

Question 23

Effects of CKK

Answer 23

intestine slows gastric emptying (inhibits transfer of stomach contents to the small intestine)( tells the stomach give me a sec to get ready), stimulates
pancreas to release digestive enzymes, and tells
gallbladder to release bile into the duodenum.

Question 24

Name three Accessory organs in the digestive system

Answer 24

pancreas, liver, and gall bladder

Question 25

Where is bile made and stored?

Answer 25

produced by liver and stored and concentrated in the gall bladder

Question 26

Pancreas secretes what 3 things

Answer 26

HCO3- (neutralization), pancreatic amylase (breaks starch down into → maltose) and proteases (proteins → amino acids).

Question 27

What 2 things make up the pancreatic proteases

Answer 27

trypsin and chymotrypsin

Question 28

What is trypsin and chymotrypsin initially release as?

Answer 28

zymogens

Question 29

What in the duodenum converts trypsinogen to trypsin, which then converts chymotrypsinogen to chymotrypsin.

Answer 29

Enteropeptidase

Question 30

Food is moved using ____- to the _____ and ____ for ______

Answer 30

peristalis jejunum ileum absorption

Question 31

What is vili made of

Answer 31

enterocytes which are lined by microvilli.

Question 32

What does villi and microvilli do

Answer 32

increase surface | area and absorption efficiency.

Question 33

What is the invaginations in the intestinal wall that contains cells that secrete enzymes and produce new epithelial cells for the lining.

Answer 33

Crypts

Question 34

inside the villus, what is absorbed into blood capillaries and fats into ____

Answer 34

nutrients are absorbed | fats into lacteals

Question 35

What is a bolus

Answer 35

food that has been chewed and mixed in the mouth with saliva

Question 36

Other than bile production, what does the liver do?

Answer 36

blood maintenance glucose metabolism protein metabolism

Question 37

What is blood maintenance

Answer 37

``` Stores blood. ● Filters and detoxifies blood coming from the digestive system via the hepatic portal system. ● Destroys erythrocytes and bacteria. Kupffer cells (phagocytes) eat bacteria and break down hemoglobin in red blood cells (red) to bilirubin (yellow) for secretion in the bile. ```

Question 38

What is Glucose Metabolism

Answer 38

``` Glycogenesis - converts excess glucose into glycogen for storage in the liver (after meals). ● Glycogenolysis - breaks down glycogen to glucose for bodily use (between meals). ● Gluconeogenesis - converts glycerol and amino acids into glucose when glycogen stores are depleted. ```

Question 39

What is Protein Metabolism

Answer 39

``` 1)Synthesizes plasma proteins from amino acids (albumin and blood clotting factors). 2)Converts ammonia (dangerous byproduct of protein metabolism) into urea (safer) for excretion. ```

Question 40

Where does water and mineral absorption happen in the large intestine?

Answer 40

cecum (small pouch)

Question 41

What is the appendix in the large intestine?

Answer 41

A small protrusion from the cecum. Also known as the vestigial structure that can being inflamed (appendicitis) due to lack of care

Question 42

After the cecum, where does the digested food and water go?

Answer 42

to the colon

Question 43

What happens in the colon

Answer 43

water absorption is completed, hardened feces.

Question 44

Where is the feces stored

Answer 44

In the rectum and expelled through the anus

Question 45

What bacterias serves as a critical function in aiding digestion/

Answer 45

microbiome

Question 46

Large intestine has 3 functions

Answer 46

1. Water absorption. 2. Mineral absorption (salts). 3. Vitamin production and absorption: in a mutualistic relationship, bacteria produce vitamins B and K (absorbed), metabolize bile acid, and ferment fiber.

Question 47

Salivary amylase is ----:produced by | : function

Answer 47

salivary glands in the mouth starch to maltose

Question 48

Gastric lipase :produced by : function

Answer 48

chief cells in stomach fats - glycerol and fatty and aciid

Question 49

pepsinogen is later activated to pepsin -:produced by : function

Answer 49

chief cells in stomach proteins to amino acids

Question 50

pancreatic amylase -:produced by : function

Answer 50

pancreas starch to maltose

Question 51

enteropeptidase -:produced by : function

Answer 51

duodenum trypsinogen to trypsin