Day 1 Flashcards
Holding procedure
A predetermined maneuver which keeps the aircraft within specified airspace while awaiting clearance from ATC
Dot 5 - not recommended (but “correct” way)
E6B - for class use
RMI - easy in aircraft technique
Standard - right hand turns
Non-standard - left hand turns
Fly inbound to VOR/Fix via radial given… RMI 90* or flip of HSI to from flag indicates “abeam” to start turns. Outbound is the “downwind” of the pattern. Can lengthen or shorten outbound side due to wind.
Unexpected delay holding
- sequencing
- emergency
- WX (weather)
Expected delay holding
- contained in original IFR clearance
- Pilot request for practice holding
- course reversal
Enroute holding (depicted on the ELA - enroute low alt. Chart) - enroute to different fixes, there are some holding areas by checkpoints and such depicted
Arrival hold
- prior to arrival area
Holding in lieu of procedure turn
- ?
Missed approach
- holding area after a missed approach, must go and do at least one loop… is where you can get clearance to proceed to an alternate airport or retry the approach (but cannot leave until given clearance)
Turns
- 3* per second standard turn rate
- 30* bank angle
- 25* bank angle provided a Flight Director System (FDS) is used
- depends on airspeed
Airspeed
- copter approaches - 90 KIAS (indicatedddd)
- minimum holding altitude (MHA) - to 6,000ft - 200 KIAS
- 6,000 to 14,000ft - 230 KIAS
- **CLEARANCES - an ATC clearance requiring an aircraft to hold at a fix WITH a charted holding pattern will include
1) aircraft ID
2) charted holding direction from fix
3) the statement “as published”
4) Expect Further Clearance (EFC) time (if not given an EFC, not bound to hold) - 5 min is the standard wait time for further clearance (FIH)
ATC clearance requiring aircraft to hold WITHOUT a charting holding pattern will include:
1) aircraft ID
2) direction of holding from the fix
3) name of the holding fix
4) holding radial, course, bearing, airway, or route on which to hold
5) leg length in time or miles
6) direction of turns (if right turn, direction usually not specified)
7) Expect Further Clearance (EFC) time
- refer to FIH pg. B6 (6) additional reports
- the time and altitude/flight level upon reaching a holding fix or point to which cleared. (Arriving/departing holding area). Must report (unless during training or a radar environment)
when drawing, inbound course is the heading you see, outbound course is the heading on the opposite side which is also THE RADIAL ASSIGNED
Entry procedures
3 types (dont memorize… use E6B for test
- direct - pass over fixe and start turn
- parallel - goes into unprotected area, left turn after parallel and opposite of inbound course
- teardrop - (Dot 5) 30* angle from inbound course to VOR, gives a 1 minute standard rate turn
- E6B
- need outbound course (radial), turn direction, magnetic heading
- put your heading under the index, use radial to find entry type
- **HSI/RMI (during flight)
- right hand turns, right side up (pretend graph on compass card) [Teardrop right and up, parallel left, direct below)
- left turns, left side up. (Teardrop left/up, parallel right, direct below)
Leg length
If not specified - inbound and outbound leg length at or below 14,000ft is a 1 minute standard. (No wind condition)
Time starts after completing the turn to the inbound leg, wings level
Timing adjustment - headwinds or tailwinds can cause aviator to need to adjust the time of the OUTBOUND LEG (only, not inbound). Increase time on outbound leg with tailwind, decrease if headwind
E6B - 60 second outbound initial, 1:45 second inbound…
- line outer 60 seconds with seconds of time ADDED to a minute on inside if E6B… find new time
Aviators must account for wind… triple the drift correction on the outbound side… not a symmetrical looking
***Multiply wind by 3, that is now your angle off of the course to fly heading on the legs (into the wind)
