Day 3 Flashcards
Departure procedures
Diverse departure - done unless otherwise told
Weather minimums for IFR flight plan - STD (standard) 100ft ceiling, 1/4 SM vis (if you are a P* with <50 hours of actual weather time as PC)
P* with >50 hours of actual weather time AS PC has no weather minimums for IFR (0-0)
Weather minimums for IFR approach - (ILS) STD 200ft ceiling, 1/2 SM which we can go down to 1/4 SM
Airports sometimes have weather minimums for runways which we cannot ignore (AR 95-1 says we will comply with airport non-standard minimums!)
DER - departure end of runway
Unless otherwise specified, required obstacle clearance is - 35ft above the departure end of the runway at the DER, climbing to 400ft above DER elevation before making initial turn, maintain minimum climb rate of 200ft per NM until minimum IFR alt. is met.
SID’s - standard instrument departures. (Not mandatory, bigger airports though)
Departure options
- diverse departure
- ODP - nonstandard departure (obstacle departure procedure)
- SID - standard instrument departure
- Radar vectoring
- Specified ATC Departure Instruments
- VFR Departure
Airfields that have been instrument “terped” allows for instrument approaches/takeoffs (mostly concern fixed wing)
Design criteria for airfields and Departures
The US standard for Terminal Instrument Procedures (TERPS) is the section of the FAA responsible for the design criteria of instrument departures
Design is based on the pilot being able to maintain a climb of 200ft per NM until reaching the enroute structure
Design criteria creates two different departure options
1) if no obstacles penetrate above the obstacle clearance surface (a slope of 152ft per NM from 35ft above DER), pilot is expected to perform diverse departure
- **Diverse departure -
- airport has at least one instrument approach
- maintain runway heading after takeoff
- no turns until reaching 400ft AGL
- maintain minimum climb rate of 200ft per NM unless higher gradient published
- transposing 200ft per NM to FPM - climb/descend chart (90kts is 300FPM) or E6B
2) If obstacles DO penetrate above the obstacle clearance surface, an Obstacle Departure Procedure (ODP) will be published
Aviators will comply with any published ODP (per AR 95-1)
ODP may require:
- greater than standard takeoff ceiling and/or visibility
- climb out heading other than that of runway
- a specified altitude before turning
- a greater than 200ft per NM climb rate
ODP may be textual or graphic
- graphic ODPs will have (OBSTACLE) printed in the procedure
(Different from diverse because you are given a heading, plus possibly more constraints)
*Standard Instrument Departures (SIDs)
SIDs are primarily designed to expedite traffic flow and for reducing pilot/controller workload.
SIDs provide safe transition from the terminal area to the appropriate en-route structure
A SID is a preplanned IFR Air Traffic Control departure procedure printed for pilot use in graphic form
SID chart
- SID(graphic)/STAR(textual) legend in the TPP or TLA (the only published departures)
- unless the departure instructions proscribe to turn “as soon as practical”, no turns will be conducted prior to 400ft AGL
Use of a DP requires aviator to posses at least a copy of the approved textual DP. A SID can utilize pilot NAV and/or pilot vectors (ATC clearance must always be received prior to flying a SID)
SIDs can require radar
- Radar Vectoring
- When the departure is to be vectored, the aviator will be advised before takeoff of the initial heading
- a clearance to expect radar vectors on departure will also include ATC departure instructions to reach minimum vectoring altitude
- departure control confirms radar contact and vectors the aircraft to either a navigation facility or an enroute position appropriate to the departure clearance (radar controlled departure does not relieve aviator of PC duties)
- where a prescribed departure route is not required to avoid obstacles, ATC may assume responsibility for obstacle clearance by issuing radar vectors into a Diverse Vector Area (DVA)
- the DVA has been assessed for departures which do not follow a specific ground track, but will remain within a specified area
- VFR departure
- utilized when departing from an airfield that has no published instrument approach procedure and VMC conditions exist
- allows climb in VMC to a fix or altitude whereupon radio communication with ATC can be established and/or transition to IFR can be achieved.
- Pilot must:
- fly the appropriate VFR altitude prescribed in oart 91 prior to IFR transition
- comply with VFR visibility and distance from cloud criteria in Part 91 to the IFR transition
- be able to comply with applicable IFRs after transitioning to IFR, including *minimum IFR alt., *position reporting, *radio comms, *course to be flown, *adherence to ATC clearances
- flight plan is phoned in to the nearest ATC facility at least 30 minutes before ETD
- If weather for VFR is undesirable, call the nearest ATC facility and request a clearance
- ATC will issue a short-range clearance pending establishment of radio contact an may restrict departure time to a certain period
Obtaining clearance
Departure from Airport with Tower:
- Clearance delivery (if available)
- Ground control (if no clearance available)
Departure from an Airport without Tower/Tower closed
- Radio (FSS)
- RCO (remote communications outlet)
- GCO (ground communications outlet)
- Telephone 1-800-WXBRIEF
*Clearance Items C - clearance limit R - route of flight A - altitude data in the order flown F - frequency (for who to contact after departure) T - transponder beacon code info
