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Decalcification Flashcards

1
Q

Process of removing Calcium or Lime salts from tissue

A

Decalcification

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2
Q

Performed on bones, teeth, calcified tissues (tuberculous lungs, arteriosclerotic vessels)

A

Decalcification

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3
Q

It prevents poor cutting of hard tissues/ knife damage

A

Decalcification

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4
Q

Sensation during cutting

A

Grating

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5
Q

The tissue surface may reveal __________ and can cause resistance if the paraffin-embedded block has been trimmed

A

Small foci

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6
Q

These are capable of removing the calcium from the tissues

A

Decalcifying agents

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7
Q

Most widely used agents for routine decalcification, stable and easily available

A

Acids

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8
Q

EDTA (versene)

A

Chelating agents

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9
Q

Ammonium form of polystrene resin;

A

Ion exchange resins

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10
Q

Attraction of cato negative electrode

A

Electrical ionization (electrophoresis)

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11
Q

Decalcifying agent that is most common, fastest and inhibits nuclear stain

A

Nitric acid

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12
Q

Destruction of tissue can be prevented by combining ________________

A

Formaldehyde or alcohol

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13
Q

What are nitric acid based decalcifying agents

A

10% aqueous nitric acid
Formol-nitric acid
Perenyi’s fluid
Phloroglucin nitric acid

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14
Q
  • A nitric acid based agents that is recommended for urgent biopsy, needle biopsy
  • Can produce yellow discoloration, impairing the staining reaction of the tissue
A

10% aqueous nitric acid

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15
Q

Composed of nitric acid and distilled water

A

10% aqueous nitric acid

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16
Q
  • A nitric based agent that is good nuclear staining, less tissue destruction
  • can also produce yellow discoloration
A

Formol nitric acid

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17
Q

Composed of nitric acid, formalin and distilled water

A

Formol nitric acid

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18
Q

Lessen yellow tissue discoloration by ___________ in a running tap water for at least 12 hrs

A

Sodium sulfate

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19
Q
  • A nitric acid based agent that decalcifies and softens, good nuclear and cytoplasmic staining
  • slow, difficult to assess
A

Perenyi’s fluid

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20
Q

Can be dissolved by adding glacial acidic acid drop by drop

A

Perenyi’s fluid

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21
Q

Composed of nitric acid, chromic acid, absolute ETOH

A

Perenyi’s fluid

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22
Q
  • A nitric based acid that is most rapid
  • Poor nuclear staining
A

Phloroglucin nitric acid

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23
Q

Composed of conc. Nitric, phloroglucin, nitric acid

A

Phloroglucin nitric acid

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24
Q

What are hydrochloric acid based decalcifying agents?

A

Von ebner’s fluid

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25
Decalcifying agent that is inferior compared to nitric acid, slower action and greater tissue distortion - Good nuclear staining and recommended for surface decalcification
Hydrochloric acid
26
- A HCL based agent that is good for cytologic staining, recommended for teeth and small pieces of bones. - the extent of the decalcification cannot be measured
Von Ebner’s fluid
27
What are the types of acid that is used for decalcification
Nitric acid Hydrochloric acid Formic acid Trichloroacetic acid Sulfurous acid Chromic acid Citric acid
28
Decalcifying agent that is better for nuclear staining with less tissue distortion, recommended for postmortem research tissues upon the addition of sodium citrate
Formic acid
29
What are formic acid based decalcifying agents
10% formic acid Formic acid sodium citrate solution
30
- A formic avid based agent that is both fixative and decalcifying agent, permits excellent nuclear and cytoplasmic staining -slow
10% formic acid
31
Composed of formic acid and formol saline
10% formic acid
32
- A formic acid based that is slow and not recommended for routine purposes, requires neutralization with 5% Na sulfate
Formic acid- sodium citrate solution
33
Composed of formic acid and Na citrate
Formic acid sodium citrate solution
34
Decalcifying agent that is very slow, weak and it is nor used for dense tissues
Trichloroacetic acid
35
Composed of trichloroacetic acid and formol saline
Trichloroacetic acid
36
Decalcifying agents that is very weak and suitable only for minute pieces of bones
Sulfurous acid
37
Decalcifying agent that is carcinogenic and corrosive to skin
Chormic acid (flemming’s fluid)
38
Composed of chromic acid, osmium tetroxide and glacial HAC
Chromic acid
39
Composed of citric acid, ammonium citrate, zinc sulfate and chloroform
Citric acid- citrate buffer (ph 4.5)
40
What are decalcifying agents that id good for nuclear staining
Formol nitric acid Perenyi’s fluid Formic acid 10% formic acid Formic acid- sodium citrate solution Trichloroacetic acid Citric acid
41
What are decalcifying agents that is good for cytoplasmic staining
Perenyi’s fluid Von ebner’s fluid 10% formic acid Citric acid
42
A type of decalcifying agent that is combine with calcium ions and other salts
Chelating agents
43
Most common chelating agent will not bind Ca at pH below _______
3.0
44
Advantage of chelating agents
Produces minimal cell and tissue distortion
45
Disadvantage of chelating agents
Very slow, EDTA inactivates alkaline phosphates
46
A type of decalcifying agents that hastens decalcification by removing Ca ions from formic acid containing decalcifying solution
Ion exchange resins
47
Not recommended for fluids containing mineral acids such as nitric acid and hydrochloric acid
Ion exchange resins
48
Advantage of ion exchange resins
Excellent staining results Minimal cell and tissue distortion Artifacts produced, usually caused by CO2 bubbles
49
Disadvantage of ion exchange resins
Slow- 1-14 days Can be measured by physical or x-ray method Causes light tissue hardening
50
A type of decalcification whereby positively charged calcium ions are attracted to a negative electrode and subsequently removed from the decalcifying solutions
Electrical ionization (electrophoresis)
51
What is the difference between the principle applied in the electrophoresis and the agents
Utilizes electricity
52
Solutions used for electrolytic decalcification
Formic acid, HCL, distilled water
53
More concentrated acid solution
Decalcify more rapidly but is more harmful to the tissue
54
Higher concentration and greater amount of fluid
Increase speed of process
55
Ratio fluid to tissue volume for decalcification
20:1
56
If temperature is 37C
Impaired nuclear staining of Van Gieson’s stain for collagen fibers
57
If temperature is 55C
Tissue will undergo complete digestion within 24-48 hrs
58
If temperature is 18-30C
Optimum temperature= RM temp
59
It accelerates the rate of diffusion and speeds up the calcification
Mechanical agitation
60
_______ in size and consistency of tissues will require longer periods for complete decalcification
Increase
61
The ideal time required for decalcifying tissue
24-48 hrs
62
These are usually require up to 14 days or longer in order to complete the process
Dense bone tissues
63
Test for completeness of decalcification
Physical/ mechanical- most inaccurate X-ray/ radiological- expensive Calcium oxalate test- recommended for routine purposes
64
The appearance needed to know if the decalcification is complete
Clear
65
For post decalcification remove acid by saturated_________ or 5-10% aqueous NaHCO3 for several hours then use running tap water
Lithium carbonate solution
66
What are the tissue softeners
Perenyi’s fluid 4% aqueous phenol Molliflex 2% HCl 1% HCl in 70% alcohol

Histopath (8 decks)

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