Deck 8 - Physical Education Core Concepts Flashcards
This deck covers essential terminology and concepts in motor skills and movement, including biomechanics, kinesiology, body and spatial awareness, exercise physiology, anatomy, sports strategies, and legal and safety considerations in physical education. (186 cards)
1
Q
What are the ABCs of movement?
A
Agility, Balance, and Coordination
These are foundational skills necessary for mastering complex movements.
2
Q
Define:
Agility
in the context of movement skills
A
The ability to change directions quickly at high speed.
It involves moving in multiple directions at once.
3
Q
Why is balance considered fundamental in movement?
A
It prevents falls and injuries, enhances coordination, supports posture, improves performance, and facilitates everyday activities.
It involves evenly distributing the weight to keep upright.
4
Q
Define:
Coordination
A
The ability to utilize many parts of the body simultaneously and efficiently during a task.
5
Q
Define:
Physical Literacy
A
The ability to move with competence and confidence in a wide variety of physical activities in multiple environments that benefit the healthy development of the whole person.
Physical literacy is about having the skills, knowledge, and motivation to enjoy a lifetime of physical activity.
6
Q
What are non-locomotor sports?
A
Sports that involve movement without traveling to a new location.
E.g. yoga, pilates or calisthenics.
7
Q
Define:
Kinesiology
A
The study of human movement and muscle function.
It seeks to understand the mechanics of human movement.
8
Q
In kinesiology, how are muscles classified based on their function?
A
- Prime mover (agonist)
- Assistant mover
- Antagonist
- Stabilizer muscles
- Synergist
Synergy includes helping synergy and true synergy.
9
Q
What is the prime mover in kinesiology?
A
The main muscle involved in a specific movement.
Also known as the agonist.
10
Q
What role do assistant movers play in kinesiology?
A
They support the main muscle to facilitate movement.
11
Q
What is the function of antagonist muscles?
A
They engage in the opposite movement of the main muscle (agonist).
For example, during a bicep curl, the triceps brachii acts as the antagonist to the biceps brachii, helping to control the movement and stabilize the elbow joint.
12
Q
What do stabilizer muscles do?
A
Hold a moving body part in place.
For example, during a push-up, the core muscles act as stabilizers to keep the body straight and prevent the lower back from sagging.
13
Q
Define:
Simultaneous Movements
A
Multiple body segments move together to create a straight-line motion.
14
Q
Define:
Sequential Movements
A
Body segments move in a specific order to accelerate the movement.
15
Q
Define:
Biomechanics
A
The study of mechanical laws related to the movement or structure of living things and their interaction with surroundings.
16
Q
What does the 1st Law of Motion state?
(1st biomechanical principle)
A
An object in motion will stay in motion unless an external force is exerted upon it.
17
Q
Fill in the blank:
The 2nd Law of Motion states that the acceleration of an object is dependent upon its mass and the amount of _______ _______.
A
force applied
18
Q
Describe the 3rd Law of Motion.
(3rd principle of biomechanics)
A
For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
19
Q
What are the three major planes of motion?
A
- Frontal Plane
- Sagittal Plane
- Transverse Plane
Each plane allows movement in different dimensions.
20
Q
What movement occurs in the frontal plane?
A
Side-to-side movement and up-and-down movement.
E.g., jumping jacks.
21
Q
What characterizes movement in the sagittal plane?
A
Moving forward and backward, along with up and down.
E.g., lunges and curls.
22
Q
Describe the transverse plane’s movement.
A
Often involves rotational movements.
Within this plane, the body moves up/down, forward/backward, and side to side.
23
Q
Define:
Flexion
A
A decreasing of the angle between two given body parts.
E.g., Bringing your hand’s palm towards the shoulder during a bicep curl.
24
Q
Define:
Extension
A
An increasing of the angle between two given body parts.
E.g., lowering the hand back down after a bicep curl.
25
# Define:
Circumduction
A type of motion that allows for **360-degree** movement at **ball and socket joints**.
## Footnote
Characteristic of the hip and shoulder joints.
26
What does **pronation** refer to in terms of *foot* movement?
An **inward** roll while walking or running.
## Footnote
Pronation is a natural part of the gait cycle.
27
What does **supination** refer to in terms of *foot* movement?
An **outward** roll while walking or running.
## Footnote
Supination is a natural part of the gait cycle.
28
What is the **difference** between pronation and supination of the arms?
* **Pronation** turns the palm **down**.
* **Supination** turns the **palm up**.
29
# Define:
Human Kinetics
The study of **body's mechanics**, primarily focusing on the muscles, the skeleton, and their interaction with gravity.
## Footnote
Often used interchangeably with biomechanics.
30
What is **static** stretching?
**Holding** a muscle in place for up to 30 seconds in a challenging position.
31
# Define:
Dynamic Stretching
Type of stretching that involves **controlled, active movements** to take muscles through their full range of motion.
32
What is the most common **sport-related injury**?
Ankle injuries
## Footnote
They account for 16% of all sport-related injuries.
33
# Define:
Linear Injuries
Injuries caused by force occurring on a *straight* line or with a direct impact.
34
What are **rotational** injuries?
Injuries caused when the force of impact involves rotational movement, twisting, or torque of the muscles, joints, ligaments, or tendons.
35
Based on human kinetics, identify strategies to **avoid injury**.
* Warm-up stretching
* Stretching during rehabilitation
* Knowledge of how to utilize equipment and play sports properly
* Staying hydrated
* A healthy diet and nutrition
36
Identify some *benefits* that exercise can provide for the **brain**.
* Improving memory capabilities
* Reducing stress
* Improving academic performance
* Improving behavior and socialization
* Improving overall brain function
* Enhancing mental cognition
* Balancing behavior and mood
37
# Define:
Body Awareness
An individual's ability to recognize the position, feeling, and state of the body elements.
38
What are the *three* types of **body awareness**?
* Interception awareness
* Proprioception awareness
* Spatial awareness
## Footnote
Each type focuses on different aspects of body perception.
39
# Define:
Proprioception Awareness
The ability to understand how a person's body is **positioned** without looking directly at it.
## Footnote
E.g., You do not have to look to know if you have your legs crossed.
40
How might you explain **spatial awareness**?
A person's ability to understand their body's position within **space**.
## Footnote
It allows proper interaction with the environment.
41
# Define:
Physical Fitness
The ability of your body systems to work together efficiently to allow you to be healthy and perform activities of daily living.
## Footnote
It impacts every aspect of a person's life.
42
What are the primary components of **physical fitness**?
* Health-related fitness
* Skill-related fitness
43
What distinguishes **health-related fitness** from **skill-related fitness**?
* *Health-related fitness* **reduces disease risk and enhances health**.
* *Skill-related fitness* **improves sports performance**.
44
What are the *five components* of **health-related fitness**?
* Body Composition
* Cardiovascular Endurance
* Flexibility
* Muscular Endurance
* Muscular Strength
45
What are the *six components* of **skill-related fitness**?
* Agility
* Balance
* Coordination
* Power
* Reaction Time
* Speed
46
# Define:
Reaction Time
The ability to **respond quickly** to an external stimulus.
## Footnote
This is a component of skill-related fitness.
47
What does **speed** refer to in fitness?
The ability to **get faster** at a skill.
## Footnote
High-intensity interval training helps with speed.
48
What are the **immediate benefits** of developing a healthy fitness routine?
* Improved thinking and cognition
* Reduction in anxiety
* Reduced depression
* Better sleep
49
What is the recommended *frequency* for physical activity to **reduce mortality** risk?
At least **30 minutes** of activity 5 times a week.
## Footnote
This can lower all-cause mortality risk by 33%.
50
What are some **benefits** of regular physical activity?
* Positive mental health
* Stress relief
* Longer life span
51
What is considered *regular exercise for adults* aged 18-64?
**150 minutes** of moderate-intensity aerobic activity or **75 minutes** of vigorous aerobic activity weekly, plus muscle-strengthening activities on **two days**.
52
What are the *benefits* of **aerobic fitness**?
* Increases aerobic capacity
* Increases bone strength
* Controls weight
* Improves sleep
* Releases feel-good hormones
* Boosts immune system
53
# Define:
Strength Training
A physical activity that uses resistance to build **muscle strength**.
## Footnote
It can involve lifting weights or using resistance bands.
54
What is the recommended *rest period* between **strength training** sessions?
48 hours
## Footnote
This allows muscles to recover and grow stronger.
55
What are the *three* **principles of training?**
* Overload
* Progression
* Specificity
## Footnote
These are key to seeing continuous improvement throughout the course of training.
56
What does the **overload principle** state?
Putting the body under **additional stress** beyond what is normal is key for progress.
## Footnote
As the stress increases, the body adapts to keep up.
57
What is the **FITT model**?
A model that describes four ways in which additional stress can be applied:
* **F**requency
* **I**ntensity
* **T**ime
* **T**ype
58
What does **'frequency'** refer to in the FITT model?
Changing the **number of times** per week that exercise is performed.
## Footnote
E.g., from 2 to 3 times per week.
59
What does **'intensity'** refer to in the FITT model?
Raising the **difficulty** of the exercise by increasing repetitions or weight.
## Footnote
E.g., from 8 to 10 repetitions per set.
60
What does **'time'** refer to in the FITT model?
Increasing the **amount of time** spent exercising.
## Footnote
It is often tied to intensity; as you increase repetitions, the time increases too.
61
What does **'type'** refer to in the FITT model?
Increasing difficulty by **switching types** of exercise.
## Footnote
E.g., passing from standard squats to one-legged squats.
62
What does the **principle of progression** state?
Body adapts to consistent training, so increasing intensity, volume, or variation over time is essential for continued improvement.
63
What does the **specificity principle** state?
Training should be **specific to the individual** and their goals.
64
# Fill in the blank:
The **overload principle** utilizes the \_\_\_\_\_ model.
FITT
## Footnote
It means: Frequency, Intensity, Time and Type.
65
# Define:
Exercise Physiology
The study and investigation of the body's **response to exercise**.
## Footnote
It centers on what happens when a person starts to exercise.
66
# Define:
Physical Activity
Any movement of the muscles that **requires energy**.
67
What are the *three* **energy-yielding nutrients**?
* Carbohydrates
* Proteins
* Fats
68
What is **Adenosine Triphosphate**?
| Also known as ATP.
The form of energy the body's cells use to perform functions.
## Footnote
It is a high-energy-containing molecule.
69
What is **anaerobic metabolism**?
Energy creation in the **absence of oxygen**.
## Footnote
Note: "an" = absence; "aerobic" = oxygen.
70
How does **creatine phosphate** aid in ATP production?
It **donates a phosphate group** to broken-down ATP, regenerating it.
## Footnote
This activates when ATP reserves have ended.
71
How long can **ATP reserves in muscles** provide energy during physical activity?
A few seconds.
## Footnote
Then creatine phosphate comes into play.
72
What is the **primary energy source** used during anaerobic metabolism?
Glucose
## Footnote
Glucose comes from the breaking down of carbohydrates after consumption.
73
What is **lactic acid** and what is its *effect* on the body?
An *end product of anaerobic metabolism* that, when accumulated, it interferes with muscle contractions and causes muscle pain.
74
What is **aerobic metabolism**?
A long-term *energy production system* that works in the presence of oxygen.
75
What happens to the body if it *does not* receive **oxygen** during intense physical activity?
**Lactic acid builds up**, limiting energy production and exercise performance and causing muscle pain.
76
What does **RPE** stand for?
**R**ate of **P**erceived **E**xertion
## Footnote
RPE is a subjective scale for measurement of workout intensity.
77
What is the range of the **Perceived Exertion Scale** commonly used today?
1(or 0) to 10.
## Footnote
The original from Dr. Gunnar Borg went from 6 to 20.
78
What *physical cues* are used to assess **RPE**?
* Breathing rate
* Heart rate
* Sweating
* Muscle fatigue
## Footnote
These cues help determine the intensity of the workout.
79
What is the suggested **RPE range** for longer **cardiovascular fitness** workouts?
4 to 6
## Footnote
This range is recommended for sustained aerobic exercise.
80
What is the primary function of the **nervous system**?
To **coordinate** and **regulate** the body's activities by transmitting signals between different parts of the body.
81
What are the components of the two main parts of the **nervous system**?
* **Central Nervous System (CNS)**: Brain and spinal cord.
* **Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)**: Sensitive and motor nerves, and autonomic nervous system.
## Footnote
CNS is crucial for processing information, and PNS helps convey impulses to execute actions.
82
What are the three main parts of the **brain** and what is their primary function?
* **Cerebrum**: Process all complex exterior stimuli and execute decision-making and behavior.
* **Cerebellum**: Helps in muscle control, balance, coordination, and motor-related learning.
* **Brainstem:** Control important functions related to homeostasis and survival, like breathing and heart rate.
## Footnote
Every party is connected and related to each other.
83
What is the function and structure of the **spinal cord**?
* **Function**: Carries sensitive motor and autonomic information between the body and the brain.
* **Structure**: It has 31 nerves and 3 layers.
84
What roles do the **sympathetic** and **parasympathetic nervous systems** play?
* Sympathetic: It is activated during stress and prepares the body to **respond to threats** (fight or fly response).
* Parasympathetic: It promotes **relaxation and digestion** after eating (relax and digest response).
85
What are the major parts of the **circulatory system**?
* Heart
* Blood
* Blood vessels
## Footnote
**Heart**: Pumps blood around the body through blood vessels.
**Blood**: Transport of nutrients, oxygen, and waste products.
**Blood vessels**: Transport and distribution of oxygen and blood flow.
86
What are the components of **blood** and their functions?
* **Red blood cells** (erythrocytes): carry oxygen to cells and carbon dioxide to lungs.
* **White blood cells** (leukocytes): primary action cells of the immune (defense) system.
* **Platelets** (thrombocytes): initiate and maintain healthy coagulation.
* **Plasma**: carry nutrients, water, and hormones to cells.
## Footnote
Blood is a fluid tissue composed of these cells suspended in plasma.
87
What are the three major types of **blood vessels**?
* Arteries
* Veins
* Capillaries
## Footnote
The three major types are connected to each other.
**Arteries**: carry oxygenated blood.
**Veins**: carry deoxygenated blood.
**Capillaries**: facilitate exchange of nutrients and waste at microscopic level.
88
What are some major functions of the **circulatory system**?
* Delivering oxygen
* Removing carbon dioxide
* Transporting essential nutrients
* Removing waste products
* Protecting from infection
* Facilitating blood clotting
* Transporting hormones
* Maintaining homeostasis
## Footnote
These functions support other organ systems to perform effectively.
89
What are the functions of the **lymphatic system**?
* Collects excess fluid.
* Absorbs fats in the intestines.
* Collaborates with the immune system.
* Removes waste products.
## Footnote
The lymphatic system plays a crucial role in maintaining fluid balance and immunity.
90
How does **blood** flow through the human heart and circulate throughout the body?
1. Oxygen-poor blood enters the right atrium collected by veins.
2. Flows to the right ventricle, is pumped to the lungs for oxygenation.
3. Returns to the left atrium, flows into the left ventricle.
4. Oxygenated blood is pumped out to the body by arteries.
91
What is the primary function of the **respiratory system**?
To bring air into the body, **oxygenate the blood**, remove waste, and expel it to the outside environment.
92
Identify the main parts of the **respiratory system** and their functions.
* **Mouth**: Connects the pharynx to the nose.
* **Nose**: Filters the primary entrance of air to the body.
* **Pharynx**: Connects the nose to the larynx.
* **Larynx**: Produces voice through vocal cords.
* **Trachea**: Connects larynx with bronchi.
* **Bronchi**: Main airways entering the lungs.
* **Bronchioles**: Small branched airways ending in alveoli.
* **Alveoli**: Little sacs where oxygen exchange takes place.
* **Lungs**: Organ that contains bronchioles and alveoli.
93
What is the role of the **diaphragm** in the respiratory system?
It separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity.
## Footnote
It is the **main respiratory muscle**, and when contracted, the thoracic cavity expands, creating a vacuum that allows air to be sucked into the lungs.
94
# Fill in the blank:
The \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ contains the vocal cords that help produce sounds.
Larynx
95
What is the function of the **epiglottis**?
It prevents food from entering the trachea.
## Footnote
It directs food into the esophagus during swallowing.
96
What are the three types of **muscle tissue**?
* Cardiac muscle
* Skeletal muscle
* Smooth muscle
## Footnote
**Cardiac muscle**: Found in heart and responsible for pumping blood through the body.
**Skeletal muscle**: Voluntary movement of the body and heat generation.
**Smooth muscle**: Primarily found in hollow organs and system like digestive, urinary and vascular systems.
97
What are the three layers of **connective tissue** in a muscle?
* Endomysium
* Perimysium
* Epimysium
## Footnote
Each layer has specific functions in supporting muscle fibers and fascicles.
98
What happens to **muscle fibers** *after* exercise?
Satellite cells repair and **increase the size** of muscle fibers.
## Footnote
This process contributes to muscle growth.
99
What are the three main types of **joints**?
* Synarthroses
* Amphiarthroses
* Diarthroses
## Footnote
**Synarthroses**: Joints that don’t move at all. These joints provide structural support.
**Amphiarthroses**: Joints with limited movement that give a mix of stability and some motion.
**Diarthroses**: Joints that can move freely in most directions. These joints allow the most movement.
100
What is the **anatomic position**?
A person stands with arms at their side and palms facing forward.
## Footnote
This position is used as a baseline for describing movements and relations between body parts.
101
Identify the main **primary movements** of the body parts and joints.
* Flexion
* Extension
* Abduction
* Adduction
* Circumduction
* Eversion
* Inversion
## Footnote
**Flexion**: decrease in the angle of the joint
**Extension**: increase in the angle of the joint
**Abduction**: movement of limb away from midline
**Adduction**: movement of limb towards the midline
**Circumduction**: circular movement of a joint using a combination of other angular movements such that the distal limb describes a circle
**Eversion**: movement of the sole of the foot away from the median plane
**Inversion**: movement of the sole of the foot towards the median plane
102
How are the **origin** and **insertion** of a muscle defined?
* **Origin**: The site where bone and muscle are attached, but do not move during contraction, usually the proximal attachment.
* **Insertion**: The site where bone and muscle are attached and move during contraction, usually the distal attachment.
## Footnote
Origin example: clavicle for sternocleidomastoids
Insertion example: Humerus for pectoralis major
103
What are the two main groups of **human bones** in the body?
* Axial skeleton
* Appendicular skeleton
## Footnote
**Axial skeleton**: bones found along the central axis traveling down the center of the body.
**Appendicular skeleton**: bones that attach (append) to the axial skeleton, limb bones.
104
What is the primary function of the **erector spinae muscles**?
Extension of the vertebral column and maintenance of good posture.
## Footnote
The erector spinae muscles are innervated by spinal nerves.
105
What muscles make up the **spinal erector muscles**?
| (SEM)
* **Superficial SEM**: Spinalis, longissimus and Iliocostalis muscles
* **Deep SEM:** Quadratus lumborum and multifidus
## Footnote
These muscles help extend the neck and vertebral column.
106
What are the main **muscles of the trunk** and their primary functions?
* **Pectoral muscles**: serratus, major and minor pectoralis
* **Intercostal muscles**: internal, external, and innermost
* **Abdominal muscles**: external and internal oblique and rectus abdominis
## Footnote
These muscles help keep the body erect and assist in sitting and standing.
107
Which muscle is located on top of the **shoulder joint**?
Deltoid
## Footnote
The deltoid is a large, triangular-shaped muscle that gives the shoulder most of its shape.
108
Identify the main bones and joints of the **upper limb**.
109
What are the main muscles of the **upper arm**?
* **Anterior**: biceps brachii, coracobrachialis and brachialis muscles
* **Posterior**: triceps brachii muscle
## Footnote
The anterior muscles are arm flexors while the posterior muscle is arm extensor.
110
What condition is most frequently **associated with overuse** of the forearm, wrist, and hand region?
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
## Footnote
This condition involves compression of the median nerve.
111
Which muscle is the largest and most superficial of the **gluteal muscles**?
Gluteus Maximus
## Footnote
The gluteus maximus provides most of the volume and shape of the buttocks.
112
What are the three main groups of **thigh muscles**?
* Hamstring muscles
* Quadriceps muscles
* Adductor muscles
## Footnote
**Hamstring muscles:** Located in the posterior compartment. They enable hip extension, allowing the leg to move backward.
**Quadriceps muscles:** Located in the anterior compartment. They facilitate hip flexion and knee extension.
**Adductor muscles:** Located in the medial compartment. They enable the thighs to move towards each other.
113
Identify the main segments, joints and bones of the **lower extremity**?
## Footnote
The femur is one of the longest bones in the human body.
114
What distinguishes **tendons** from **ligaments**, and what are their functions?
* *Tendons* attach **muscles to bones**, enabling movement.
* *Ligaments* connect **bones to other bones**, providing joint stability.
115
Which muscle is **primarily** responsible for the function of the calf?
Gastrocnemius
## Footnote
It causes plantar flexion at the ankle.
116
What are the main functions of **white blood cells (leukocytes)**?
* Fight infections.
* Remove cancerous cells.
* Remove dead cells.
## Footnote
White blood cells play a critical role in the immune response.
117
What are **fasciae**, and how are they classified?
Fibrous connective tissues that **connect muscles and organs** to each other:
* Superficial and deep fasciae
* Parietal and visceral fasciae
## Footnote
**Superficial and deep fasciae**: Surrounds muscles, blood vessels, bones, and nerves.
**Parietal and visceral fasciae**: Anchor internal organs in body cavities.
118
What are the two types of **bone tissue**?
* Spongy (cancellous) bone
* Compact (cortical) bone
## Footnote
**Spongy (cancellous) bone**: light, porous bone enclosing numerous large spaces of bone marrow; found at the end of long bones and plane bones.
**Compact (cortical) bone**: Dense, strong, and heavy; found in the shafts of long bones.
119
# Fill in the blank:
**Osteoporosis** is a condition characterized by brittle and fragile bones due to loss of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
tissue
## Footnote
Osteoporosis can result from hormonal changes or deficiencies in calcium or vitamin D.
120
What are the five types of **bone shapes**?
* Long bones
* Short bones
* Flat bones
* Irregular bones
* Sesamoid bones
## Footnote
**Long bones**: Support weight and facilitate movement.
**Short bones**: Provide stability and movement.
**Flat bones**: Protect internal organs.
**Irregular bones**: Complex shape, not fitting the others.
**Sesamoid bones**: Bones embedded in tendons, prevent stress and wear.
121
What is the importance of the **epiphyseal plate**?
It allows for **elongation of the bone** until adulthood.
## Footnote
The epiphyseal (growth) plate is visible in adolescents and indicates ongoing bone growth.
122
Identify the main parts and segments of a **long bone**.
123
Identify the bones of the **skull**.
124
What is the function and structure of the **vertebral column**?
* It **protects the spinal cord** and supports the trunk.
* It is made up of 33 vertebrae:
* **Cervical spine**: 7 vertebrae
* **Thoracic spine**: 12 vertebrae
* **Lumbar spine**: 5 vertebrae
* **Sacrum**: 5 fused vertebrae
* **Coccyx**: 4 fused vertebrae
125
How many pairs of ribs are in the **ribcage**?
Twelve
## Footnote
Comprised of true ribs, false ribs, and floating ribs.
126
Identify the main terms of **direction and position** related to human body.
## Footnote
These terms facilitate precise communication among healthcare professionals.
127
What are the six types of **synovial joints**?
* Hinge
* Condyloid
* Saddle
* Planar
* Pivot
* Ball and Socket
128
What are the four specific structures of **synovial joints**?
* Joint capsule
* Synovial liquid
* Synovial membrane
* Articular cartilage (hyaline cartilage)
129
What **concept** refers to the understanding and development of various movement skills and patterns necessary for physical activity?
Physical Literacy
130
Which teaching method in physical education focuses on **student-centered learning**, where students have more control over their activities and decisions?
Inquiry-Based Learning
131
What is the primary focus of the **Sport Education Model** in physical education?
Developing **teamwork** and **sportsmanship** through student-led sports seasons.
132
How have recent trends in **technology integration** influenced physical education practices?
They have enabled virtual PE classes and fitness tracking through apps and wearable devices, enhancing the overall practice of physical education.
133
How did the **Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)** influence physical education?
The IDEA mandates that students with disabilities receive **appropriate physical education services**, ensuring that they have access to PE classes and are included in physical activities.
134
What **teaching method** involves students working together to achieve shared learning goals in physical education?
Cooperative Learning
135
How has the *integration of social media* influenced physical education and students' physical activity levels?
By providing platforms for sharing workout routines, fitness challenges, and health tips, which can motivate students to stay active and engage in physical activities outside of school.
136
Describe **direct** and **indirect teaching** methods in physical education and their main advantages.
* Direct:
* **Teacher-centered**, the instructor stands in front of the class and lectures or advises.
* **Advantages**: Introductory for new skills, time efficiency, time for practice
* Indirect:
* **Student-centered**, the instructor assumes a passive role and guides student interactions.
* **Advantages**: Cooperation and social skill development.
137
Describe **movement exploration** in physical education and identify three examples.
* It is a method involving the **use of aids** for exploring and teaching movement skills.
* **Examples**: bean bags balancing, hoops movement, rope and bench jumping
138
What are the three main goals of **cooperative activities**?
1. Students work together to reach a consensus.
2. Students can structure the learning experience.
3. Students learn problem-solving skills.
## Footnote
They enhance teamwork and communication.
139
What are the *four steps* for teaching a **new physical education skill**?
1. Give clear instructions (written or verbal).
2. Perform a demonstration.
1. Help students practice the skill.
1. Test the student's performance and learning.
## Footnote
This structured approach helps ensure effective learning.
140
What *topics* are typically covered in a **physical education course**?
* Physical fitness
* Health benefits of fitness
* Movement competence and skills
* Healthy diets
* Risks of poor nutrition and exercise
## Footnote
Understanding these topics promotes overall wellness among students.
141
What is the **recommended daily duration** for physical education classes at different school levels?
* **Elementary school**: 30 minutes per day
* **Middle school and High school**: 45 minutes per day
## Footnote
These durations may vary based on school district requirements or recommendations.
142
What is the **recommended structure** of a physical education class?
* **Warm-Up** (5-10 minutes) - Dynamic Stretching
* **Main Activity** (20-30 minutes) - Skill Development and/or Game or Practice
* **Health and Wellness Education** (Optional, 5-10 minutes) - Lesson on Fitness Concept
* **Cool Down** (5-10 minutes) - Static Stretching and/or Breathing Exercises
* **Reflection and Feedback** (5 minutes) - Discussion and/or Feedback
143
What is the meaning of an '**inning**' in softball?
A round of play when both teams have had a chance to bat.
## Footnote
Softball games typically consist of 6, 7, or 9 innings.
144
How many **players** are on a softball team?
Nine to ten.
## Footnote
It depends on the ages and types of softball. Each team has 9-10 players in the game field.
145
What are the main objectives of the **batting team in softball**?
To **score runs by hitting the ball**, **reaching base safely**, and **advancing around the bases** to home plate while avoiding getting out.
146
What are the **basic skills** needed for softball?
* Catching
* Throwing
* Batting
## Footnote
These skills are fundamental for fielding, accurate throws, and effective hitting in softball.
**Catching**: Use hand-eye coordination to catch pop-ups, line-drives, and grounders.
**Throwing**: Position sideways, step with non-dominant leg, and follow through.
**Batting**: Hold the bat correctly, keep wrists parallel, and focus on the ball.
147
How *many players* are on a soccer team?
**11 players** for each team.
## Footnote
10 field players and 1 goalie.
148
Identify the four **primary player positions** in soccer.
* Defenders
* Midfielders
* Forwards
* Goalie (goalkeeper)
## Footnote
**Defenders**: Protect the goal and stop the opposing team’s progression
**Midfielders**: Support defense and link to offense; play both halves of the field.
**Forwards**: Focus on attacking and progressing the ball to score goals.
**Goalie (goalkeeper)**: Defend the goal; use hands in the penalty area to stop goals and restart play.
149
# Define:
Penalty Kick
| in Soccer
A special **free kick** taken from the penalty spot (12 yards from the goal).
## Footnote
It occurs when a team commits an offense in their defensive penalty area.
150
What **fundamental skills** should soccer players master?
Dribbling, kicking, trapping, heading, tackling, throw-ins, defending the goal.
## Footnote
Mastery of these skills is essential for improvement in soccer.
151
What is the **difference** between a *yellow card* and a *red card* in soccer?
* **Yellow card**: A warning for serious offenses or unsportsmanlike conduct.
* **Red card**: Immediate ejection for severe offenses or after receiving two yellow cards.
152
# Define:
Competitive Swimming
A sport where a swimmer moves through water using various stroke styles.
153
What are the **official strokes** recognized by the International Swimming Federation?
* Freestyle (also known as front crawl)
* Butterfly
* Breaststroke
* Backstroke
## Footnote
These strokes are commonly used in competitions.
154
# Define:
Survival Floating
A skill used to keep the head above water in times of trouble.
## Footnote
It is introduced after the swimmer becomes comfortable with floating.
155
What are the physical and psychological **benefits** of swimming?
* **Physical**: Low stress on joints, increased release of endorphins, low risk of injury or pain, and helps maintain a healthy body weight.
* **Psychological**: Stress reduction and anxiety and depression symptoms improvement.
## Footnote
Swimming is often regarded as a safer alternative to high-impact exercises.
156
What are the **basic safety measures** for water activities?
1. Learn to Swim
2. Buddy System
3. Follow Lifeguard Rules
4. Wear Life Jackets
5. Protect Skin & Eyes
## Footnote
**Learn to Swim**: Know how to swim and never swim alone.
**Buddy System**: Always swim with a friend or group for safety.
**Follow Lifeguard Rules**: Listen to lifeguards and adults to prevent accidents.
**Wear Life Jackets**: Use personal flotation devices during certain water activities.
**Protect Skin & Eyes**: Use sunscreen, hats, and sunglasses to prevent sun damage.
Lifeguards and flotation devices are critical for prevention and emergency situations.
157
What are the four primary **phases of scoring** in tennis?
* Point
* Game
* Set
* Match
## Footnote
**Point**: Count as love (0), 15, 30 and 40.
**Game**: Win with at least 4 points with a 2-point lead.
**Set**: Win 6 games with at least a 2-game lead.
**Match**: Win the required number of sets (usually 2 or 3).
A tiebreak is used in certain sets when the score reaches 6-6.
158
What are the **primary** types of shots in tennis?
* Serve
* Groundstrokes
* Volley
* Half-volley
* Smash
## Footnote
**Serve**: The shot that starts a point.
**Groundstrokes**: Shots hit after the ball bounces on the ground.
**Volley**: Hit before the ball touches the ground, typically near the net.
**Half-volley**: Hit just after the ball bounces.
**Smash**: A powerful overhead shot.
159
What is the **difference** between a "*smash*" and a "*drop shot*" in tennis?
* A "**smash**" is a powerful overhead shot used to finish a point by hitting the ball forcefully downward.
* A "**drop shot**" is a softly hit ball designed to land just over the net, making it difficult for the opponent to reach.
160
In tennis, what is the score called when both players have **40 points?**
Deuce
## Footnote
At deuce, one player must win two consecutive points to win the game.
161
# Define:
Track and Field
It is a sport that includes athletic contests based on running, jumping, throwing, and combined skills.
## Footnote
Also known as athletics.
162
Why are runners positioned in **staggered starts** for some races?
To account for the shorter distance of the inside curve of the track in short races (200-800 meters).
163
How many **jump attempts** are allowed in the long jump?
Three
164
What are the four main **throwing competitions** in track and field?
* Shot put
* Discus
* Javelin throw
* Hammer throw
## Footnote
**Shot put**: Throwing a heavy spherical object as far as possible.
**Discus**: Throwing a disc-shaped object using a spinning motion.
**Javelin throw**: Throwing a spear-like object for distance.
**Hammer throw**: Throwing a heavy weight attached to a handle using rotational motion.
165
What are the four main **jumping events** in athletics?
* High Jump
* Long Jump
* Triple Jump
* Pole Vault
## Footnote
**High Jump**: Athletes jump over a horizontal bar at varying heights.
**Long Jump**: Athletes leap forward for maximum distance before the foul line.
**Triple Jump**: A sequence of three jumps – a hop, a step, and a jump – to achieve the longest distance.
**Pole Vault**: Athletes use a pole to vault over a high bar.
166
What does the **2-2 cadence** breathing technique involve?
Breathe in for **two** strides, breathe out for **two** strides.
## Footnote
This method is suitable for sprints and shorter distances.
167
What are the *primary goals* in volleyball?
1. Keep the ball in the air.
2. Score points.
## Footnote
**Keep the ball in the air**: Prevent the ball from hitting the ground on your side.
**Score points**: Hit the ball over the net in a way that the opposing team cannot return it.
168
What is the *scoring system* for a typical volleyball match?
Volleyball uses **rally scoring**, where a point is awarded on every serve.
## Footnote
A team wins a set (or game) by scoring **25 points** with a 2-point lead. The final set, if needed, is played to **15 points**.
169
In volleyball, what is the *maximum number of hits* a team can use to return the ball?
Three hits
170
What are some of the **basic rules** in volleyball?
* Each team gets three hits to return the ball.
* A point is scored when the ball hits the ground on the opponent’s court.
* Players cannot hit the ball twice in a row.
* The ball must be served behind the backline and go over the net.
## Footnote
Rotation and fair play rules apply, players also must avoid touching the net or crossing the centerline.
171
What is the **standard number of players** on an indoor volleyball team?
Six
172
In volleyball, what is the role of the **libero**?
To **specialize in defensive skills,** particularly receiving serves and digging attacks.
## Footnote
The libero cannot attack the ball above the net's height and typically wears a different-colored jersey.
173
What are the **five basic hits** in volleyball?
* Serve
* Block
* Forearm pass
* Overhand pass (set)
* Spike
## Footnote
**Serve**: Starts the game by hitting the ball over the net.
**Block**: Prevents the opponent’s ball from crossing the net.
**Forearm pass**: Receives the serve or ball and directs it to a teammate.
**Overhand pass (set)**: Lifts the ball for an attacker to spike.
**Spike**: Hits the ball forcefully into the opponent’s court.
174
What is the role of **informed consent** in physical education programs, particularly for activities with higher risk levels?
Informed consent involves informing students and their parents or guardians about the potential risks associated with certain activities and obtaining their agreement to participate, thereby reducing the teacher's legal liability.
175
What is the importance of **conducting regular equipment inspections** in a physical education program?
It is crucial to **identify** and **address any potential hazards or defects** that could cause injuries, thereby ensuring a safe environment for students and reducing the risk of legal liability.
176
How does **proper documentation of incidents and injuries** contribute to legal protection in physical education?
Provides a detailed record of events, demonstrating that the teacher took appropriate actions and followed safety protocols, which can be crucial in defending against legal claims.
177
# Define:
Legal Liability
Being legally responsible for your actions.
## Footnote
Physical Education usually has more legal liability due to the nature of their work with kids moving around.
178
Identify some common *sources of legal liability* for Physical Education teachers.
* Lack of supervision.
* Inadequate instruction.
* Failure to inform students of risks.
* Unsafe facilities and damaged equipment.
## Footnote
These factors can lead to legal actions against Physical Education teachers.
179
What are the **best safe practices** to guard against legal liability in Physical Education?
* Be present.
* Use participation agreements.
* Inspect facilities and equipment.
* Assign age-appropriate activities.
## Footnote
**Be present**: Always supervise students to prevent unsafe conduct.
**Use participation agreements**: Provide waivers or permission slips to parents when needed.
**Inspect facilities and equipment**: Regularly check for unsafe conditions and report or block hazards.
**Assign age-appropriate activities**: Ensure activities match students’ abilities and experience levels.
180
# Define:
Substance Abuse
The harmful, excessive use of drugs such as alcohol, prescriptions, over-the-counter medicine, or other chemical substances.
## Footnote
Substance abuse brings a multitude of health risks.
181
What are some **physical health risks** associated with *substance abuse* among teens?
* Delayed puberty.
* Damage to the reproductive system.
* Increased car accidents.
* Binge drinking and alcohol poisoning.
* Unsafe sexual behaviors.
182
What impact does **substance abuse** have on *student performance*?
* Lower grades.
* Poor attendance.
* Increased dropout rates.
* Behavioral changes like acting out.
## Footnote
These changes can hinder educational outcomes.
183
What are the **psychological health risks** associated with *substance abuse* in adolescents?
* Mood swings, aggression, and recklessness.
* Depression, anxiety, and suicidal thoughts.
* Memory problems and neurotransmitter disruption.
* Difficulties with social interactions and daily functioning.
## Footnote
Substance abuse disrupts adolescent brain development.
184
What are the **consequences** of using *performance-enhancing drugs* among students?
* Stunting of height.
* Increased aggressiveness.
* Reduced sperm production in males.
## Footnote
These risks are often overlooked by those seeking athletic advantage.
185
How can **substance abuse interfere** with a student's social relationships?
It can lead to **withdrawal** from family and friends, **conflicts** in relationships, and association with peers who also engage in substance use, further **isolating** the student and **impacting** their social development.
186
What are some **common signs of substance abuse** that educators should be aware of?
* Changes in behavior.
* Unexplained mood swings.
* Declining academic performance.
* Physical symptoms such as bloodshot eyes or unexplained weight loss.
* Increased need for privacy or secrecy.
