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Praxis (5857) - Health & Physical Education > Deck 1 - Health Behavior Theories and Research Methods > Flashcards

Deck 1 - Health Behavior Theories and Research Methods Flashcards

This deck explores the foundational theories and research methods used in health education, focusing on health behavior theories, data collection techniques, and tools for assessing health needs. (68 cards)

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1
Q

What is the Health Belief Model?

A

A psychological theoretical behavior change framework used to interpret and express problem behaviors related to health concerns.

Developed to explain why few people participated in a free tuberculosis screening program in the 1950s.

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2
Q

What are the two main components of health-related behavior according to the Health Belief Model?

A
  • Perceived Threat
  • Perceived Benefits and Barriers

Perceived Threat refers to an individual’s belief about the risk of contracting a health condition (Perceived Susceptibility) and the seriousness of its consequences (Perceived Severity).

Perceived Benefits and Barriers refers to an individual’s belief in the efficacy of an advised action to reduce risk (Perceived Benefits) and the tangible and psychological costs or obstacles of taking that action (Perceived Barriers).

Examples include:

  • Eating healthy
  • Exercising regularly
  • Reducing alcohol consumption
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3
Q

What are the six constructs of the Health Belief Model?

A
  • Perceived susceptibility
  • Perceived severity
  • Perceived benefits
  • Perceived barriers
  • Cues to action
  • Self-efficacy

These constructs are used to predict health-related behaviors.

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4
Q

What does perceived susceptibility refer to in the Health Belief Model?

A

The subjective assessment of the risk of developing a particular health problem.

Individuals who believe they are susceptible to a health problem are more likely to engage in preventive behaviors.

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5
Q

What is perceived severity in the context of the Health Belief Model?

A

An individual’s conviction about the seriousness of contracting an illness or the severity of its untreated consequences.

Individuals who perceive a health problem as serious are more likely to take preventive actions.

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6
Q

Define:

Perceived benefits

as per the Health Belief Model

A

Beliefs about the positive outcomes of behavior in response to a health threat.

This construct is linked to an individual’s perception of their health-related outcomes.

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7
Q

Define:

perceived barriers

as per the Health Belief Model

A

Individuals’ feelings concerning the obstacles to participating in recommended health actions.

Barriers may include:

  • Costs
  • Side effects
  • Convenience
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8
Q

Define:

self-efficacy

as per the Health Belief Model

A

A person’s belief in their ability to make a health-related change.

It involves the self-confidence needed to perform actions to achieve health goals.

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9
Q

What is the Stages of Change model also known as?

A

Transtheoretical Model

The model describes how behaviors are modified.

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10
Q

What are the five stages of change?

A
  • Pre-contemplation
  • Contemplation
  • Determination
  • Action
  • Maintenance

These stages are used in health promotion and disease prevention.

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11
Q

What characterizes the pre-contemplation stage?

A

No intention of taking action or changing a behavior.

This stage is often marked by:

  • Denial
  • Lack of awareness
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12
Q

What emotions may cause a person to remain in the contemplation stage for an extended period?

A

Conflicted emotions

This stage can last several months or years due to barriers like:

  • Time
  • Money
  • Accessibility
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13
Q

What is the primary focus during the determination stage?

A

Preparing to act within the next month.

This includes:

  • Researching
  • Seeking support
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14
Q

How long does the action stage generally last?

A

Approximately 3 to 6 months.

This stage involves visible changes in behavior.

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15
Q

Identify a goal during the maintenance stage.

A
  • Maintain changes
  • Avoid relapse
  • Reinforcing positive behavior
  • Monitor progress

This stage can last from 6 months to 5 years.

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16
Q

What does termination refer to in the Stages of Change model?

A

Lack of desire to return to the old behavior.

It may also indicate the end of a therapist-patient relationship.

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17
Q

What is an example of a behavior change in the context of losing weight during the pre-contemplation stage?

A

A person is overweight and has high cholesterol, but does not plan to change their behavior.

They are not concerned about their health.

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18
Q

What is an action a person might take during the determination stage of stopping excessive alcohol consumption?

A

Reach out to an alcohol recovery center for professional help.

This shows readiness to change the problematic behavior.

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19
Q

What is Thorndike’s Law of Effect?

A

The principle that behaviors are:

  • Reinforced by positive consequences.
  • Diminished by negative consequences.

Thorndike’s Law of Effect is a cornerstone of operant conditioning and instrumental learning.

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20
Q

What is instrumental learning also known as?

A

Operant conditioning

This learning process involves connecting behaviors with their consequences.

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21
Q

What are the two parts of the Law of Effect?

A
  • Behavior followed by a pleasant consequence is likely to be repeated (reinforcement).
  • Behavior followed by a negative consequence is less likely to be repeated (punishment).

These principles were developed through Thorndike’s experiments with cats in puzzle boxes.

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22
Q

How is the Law of Effect applied in education?

A

Teachers use positive reinforcement, such as good grades and praise, to encourage desired behaviors.

This approach aims to enhance student learning and academic success.

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23
Q

Fill in the blank:

The Law of Effect is used to shape _______.

A

behavior

The principle is applied in various settings, including:

  • Education
  • Psychological treatment
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24
Q

What are the three stages of Lewin’s Change Theory?

A
  • Unfreeze
  • Change
  • Refreeze
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25
What does the **'Unfreeze'** stage entail?
Convincing an organization to **discard** old ideas or processes. ## Footnote This stage is crucial for **overcoming resistance to change**.
26
What is the purpose of the **'Refreeze'** stage?
* Reinforce new behavior. * Integrate it into the daily routine.
27
What are the **driving forces** in Lewin’s Change Theory?
Factors that **encourage change**, such as: * Pressure from customers * Increased efficiency
28
What are **restraining forces** in Lewin's model?
Factors that **discourage change**, such as: * Fear * Lack of resources
29
What occurs when **driving forces** and **restraining forces** are approximately equal, in the context of Lewin's model?
**Equilibrium** occurs, maintaining the status quo.
30
What is the significance of the **'Change'** stage in Lewin's model?
People begin to **support** the changes being implemented.
31
# Fill in the blank: **Drawing logical conclusions** is the process of evaluating information and making appropriate \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
judgments
32
What is a primary purpose of **collecting health data**?
To identify **trends**. ## Footnote Health data helps in understanding various health conditions and their prevalence.
33
What does **morbidity** measure?
**Sickness** in an area. ## Footnote Morbidity is an important metric in public health to assess the **health status of a population**.
34
What does **mortality** measure?
The incidence of **death** within a specific population. ## Footnote Mortality statistics are crucial for understanding the **impact of diseases on a population**.
35
What organization publishes the **Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report**?
The Center for Disease Control and Prevention | **(CDC)** ## Footnote The CDC is a key public health institute in the United States that monitors health trends.
36
What is the **Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System**? | (BRFSS)
A **telephone survey** to gather health-related information. ## Footnote The BRFSS conducts over 400,000 interviews each year across all 50 states.
37
Why is it important for health educators to use **credible sources**?
To ensure they provide **reliable, accurate and evidence-based** health information. ## Footnote Using credible sources helps prevent misinformation that can negatively impact health decisions.
38
What types of **website domain extensions** are often **reliable sources** for health information? ## Footnote Website domain extension example ".com"
* .edu * .gov * .org ## Footnote These domains typically belong to: * Educational institutions * Government agencies * Reputable organizations
39
When evaluating the **author of health information**, what are some factors that should be considered?
* Official education * Training in the subject matter * Affiliations with reputable institutions * Publications written by the author * Peer-reviewed publications ## Footnote For example, an article about heart disease should be authored by a cardiologist.
40
# Define: Peer Review
The **evaluation** of information by an **expert** in the field. ## Footnote Peer-reviewed articles are generally more **reliable** due to this evaluation process.
41
Identify *two* examples of **peer-reviewed medical journals**.
* New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM) * The Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) * The Lancet * British Medical Journal (BJM) ## Footnote These journals are widely recognized for publishing high-quality medical research.
42
Why is the publication **date of health information** important?
The medical field advances quickly, making current information crucial. ## Footnote Outdated information can lead to incorrect health decisions.
43
What type of sources are often considered **unreliable** for health information?
* Social media * Personal blogs * Friends and family ## Footnote They often try to sell a product, leading to **biased information**. This can include: * Dietary supplements * Diet plans
44
What are some questions to ask to determine the **reliability** of a health information source?
* Who sponsors or publishes the source? * Who is the author? * Did anyone review the information? * When was it published? * What is the purpose? ## Footnote These questions help assess the **credibility** of health information.
45
In what **forms** can healthcare-related data be found in?
* Statistics * Large aggregate data * Numbers * Categories ## Footnote These forms represent different ways in which data can be categorized and analyzed for healthcare-related research.
46
What can be considered **trustworthy** data resources?
* Government websites * Nationally recognized websites * Educational institutions * Reviewed journals ## Footnote Trustworthy resources ensure the **accuracy and relevance** of the data presented.
47
What is considered **ethical data gathering**?
Data gathering that **protects the privacy** of individuals. ## Footnote This involves ensuring that: * Sensitive health information remains confidential. * Individual identities are kept anonymous.
48
What is the process of **turning raw data into meaningful information** called?
Interpretation ## Footnote This involves analyzing and translating numerical data into comprehensible insights for assignments or reports.
49
Why is it important to **verify findings** with multiple data sources?
To ensure **accuracy and comprehensiveness** of the information gathered. ## Footnote Different sources may provide varying data, thus cross-referencing can enhance the **validity** of the research.
50
What are some types of sources should you consider when **evaluating nutritional information**?
* The source * Testimonials * Government * Universities * Reputable organizations ## Footnote Government and universities provide reliable nutritional information based on scientific research and peer review.
51
Why are **testimonials** not considered a reliable source of nutritional information?
They share personal accounts but **do not guarantee effectiveness** for others. ## Footnote Testimonials may reflect individual experiences that are not universally applicable.
52
What process do **university nutritional research studies** undergo?
* Literature Review * Designing the study * Ethical approval protocol * Participant recruitment * Data collection * Data analysis * Peer review * Publication ## Footnote This ensures that the research is scrutinized and **validated** by peers in the field.
53
What is something you should ask yourself to **avoid misinformation** in nutritional claims?
Is this too good to be true? ## Footnote Claims that seem overly beneficial often warrant skepticism.
54
What **credentials** should you look for in someone giving nutritional advice?
* Registered Dietician (RD) * Certified Nutrition Specialist (CNS) * Licensed nutritionist * Advanced degrees * Professional memberships ## Footnote An RD is certified and has a degree in a nutrition-related field.
55
What are **nutrition surveillance systems**?
**Surveys** used to determine public health and long-term trends related to nutrition. ## Footnote They estimate the **prevalence of chronic diseases** like obesity and diabetes.
56
What is the purpose of the **National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey**? | (NHANES)
To evaluate the **health and nutrition status** of adults and children in the United States. ## Footnote NHANES includes: * Interviews * Physical exams
57
What **types of data** does NHANES collect?
* Demographics * Socioeconomic status * Diet * Medical and dental information * Lab tests ## Footnote This data helps determine: * Disease prevalence * Risk factors
58
What does the **Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System** monitor? | (YRBSS)
Health risk behaviors in youths in grades **9 through 12**. ## Footnote Conducted **every two years** by the CDC and allows comparison of data at national, state, and local levels. It identifies health behaviors established during childhood that affect health into adulthood.
59
What is a key **difference** between *NHANES* and the *other two* surveillance systems (BRFSS and YRBSS)?
* **NHANES** includes physical exams and lab tests. * **BRFSS and YRBSS** are surveys/questionnaires. ## Footnote This makes NHANES more comprehensive.
60
What is the **WSCC model**? | (Whole School, Whole Community, and Whole Child)
A comprehensive framework for addressing **health and fitness in children**.
61
What are some of the **main components** of the WSCC model?
* Physical education and activity * Nutrition environment and services * Family engagement * Community involvement * Counseling, psychological and social services * Health education * Employee wellness * Physical environment * Social and emotional climate * Health services ## Footnote These components address various aspects of child health and wellness.
62
Why is **physical education and activity** important in the WSCC model?
It contributes to: * Physical Health * Mental Health * Academic Performance * Social Skills * Lifelong habits ## Footnote Schools are encouraged to stress the importance of physical activity in lessons.
63
What role does **family engagement** play in the WSCC model?
Family engagement helps parents understand the **importance of healthy meals** for their children's learning.
64
Identify how **community partnerships** can enhance the WSCC model's effectiveness in promoting student health.
Community partnerships can provide additional resources, expertise, and support, such as: * Health services * Nutrition programs * After-school activities to enhance the overall well-being of students.
65
Identify ways a **needs assessment** can be used to improve school health programs.
* Identify gaps in current health programs. * Gather data on student health needs. * Inform the development of targeted interventions to address those needs.
66
How can schools effectively utilize the WSCC model to address both **physical and emotional health needs** of students?
* Integrating comprehensive health education. * Creating a supportive school climate. * Engaging families and communities. * Providing access to health services. ## Footnote By addressing both physical and emotional health needs, schools can create a **holistic approach** to student well-being.
67
Which of the following is a **comprehensive tool** for assessing school health needs? A. Annual school budget report B. Comprehensive School Health Plan C. School lunch menu D. Teacher attendance record
B. Comprehensive School Health Plan
68
Which resource is crucial for promoting a **healthy school environment** within the WSCC model? A. Community gardens B. School lunches C. Health education curriculum D. Classroom decorations
C. Health education curriculum

Praxis (5857) - Health & Physical Education (16 decks)

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