Deodorants and Antiperspirants

Question 1

T/F: Sweat is regulated by sympathetic nervous system, and is a body temperature regulator

Answer 1

True

Question 2

T/F: Sweat removes waste in our body, but doesn’t remove toxic by-products.

Answer 2

False. Both waste and toxic products are removed

Question 3

T/F: Sweat is odorless, but bacterial and heat decomposition yields volatile by-products with unpleasant odor

Answer 3

True

Question 4

These sweat glands are simple, coiled tubular glands with duct that leads directly onto skin surface

Answer 4

Eccrine sweat glands

Question 5

These sweat glands are larger than eccrine glands and ducts open into hair follicle duct. These become functional at puberty

Answer 5

Apocrine glands

Question 6

T/F: Eccrine sweat glands are Found all over the body

Answer 6

True

Question 7

T/F: Eccrine sweat glands are more prominent in palms, soles, axilla and forehead

Answer 7

True

Question 8

T/F: Eccrine sweat glands are Limited to axilla, anus, and breast

Answer 8

False. Apocrine sweat glands

Question 9

T/F: Eccrine sweat glands are under psychological and thermal control, the main function is to control body temperature and electrolyte balance

Answer 9

True

Question 10

T/F: Both Eccrine and Apocrine sweat glands exist from birth, but Eccrine becomes functional from birth

Answer 10

True

Question 11

T/F: Apocrine sweat glands are true glands because they function continuously

Answer 11

False. Eccrine sweat glands

Question 12

Eccrine or Apocrine?

Secretion contains water, salts (NaCl/KCl), amino acids, peptides, and electrolytic components (ammonia, uric acid, lactic acid, calcium)

Answer 12

Eccrine

Question 13

Eccrine or Apocrine?

Secretion is odorless and viscous consisting of lipids, cholesterol, proteins, sulfur-containing amino acids, short- chain FAs, and various steroids

Answer 13

Apocrine

Question 14

T/F: Apocrine glands are triggered by emotions

Answer 14

True

Question 15

T/F:

The ratio of eccrine to apocrine glands is 10:1 ratio; for every 1 eccrine gland, there is 10 apocrine gland in the underarm

Answer 15

True

Question 16

These are topically-applied products designed to reduce or mask unpleasant body odors by reodorization and/or antibacterial action

Answer 16

Deodorants

Question 17

These are topically-applied products designed to reduce underarm wetness by limiting body transpiration. They inhibit perspiration secreted by eccrine glands usually by forming a temporary plug within the sweat duct.

Answer 17

Antiperspirants

Question 18

What is the mechanism of action of antiperspirants?

Answer 18

eccrine gland lead to skin surface, antiperspirant will form a plug on the sweat duct so the sweat cannot be released

Question 19

T/F: Deodorants and antiperspirants are considered cosmetics in the US however, in the Philippines, if the product is only deodorant then it is cosmetic. If it is antiperspirant, with or without the claim of deodorant, it is OTC.

Answer 19

False. Deodorants and antiperspirants are considered cosmetics in the Philippines however, in the US, if the product is only deodorant then it is cosmetic. If it is antiperspirant, with or without the claim of deodorant, it is OTC

Question 20

T/F: Antiperspirant can be a deodorant (when antiperspirant also possess antibacterial activity), but deodorant cannot be an antiperspirant

Answer 20

True

Question 21

T/F: Antiperspirant use cannot interfere with the body’s natural cooling process and lead to overheating.

Answer 21

True

Question 22

This condition is described as abnormal excessive sweating. Profusion of sweat in the axillary sites palms, feet, face, trunk, or combination of these

Answer 22

Hyperhidrosis

Question 23

Management for Hyperhidrosis

Answer 23

through prescription, antiperspirant, and surgical procedure

Question 24

T/F: Excessive sweat lead to unpleasant body odor that can adversely affect the person’s ability to attain a normal and healthy quality of life (QoL)

Answer 24

True

Question 25

Required characteristics of Deodorants

Answer 25

- Neutral or pleasant odor - Easy to spread - Pleasant feeling during application - Well-tolerated and non-allergenic - Long-term deodorization - Quick-drying properties - Non-staining properties

Question 26

Mechanisms of Action of Deodorants

Answer 26

Odor masking, Odor Neutralizing, Odor Quenching, Odor absorbing/adsorbing, Esterase inhibition, and thru Antimicrobial ingredients

Question 27

MOA of deodorants ingredients reduce the perception of odor through blending with underarm odor and masking it.

Answer 27

odor masking

Question 28

MOA of deodorants agents chemically neutralize odorous compounds to yield odorless components.

Answer 28

odor neutralizing

Question 29

MOA of deodorants ingredients bind to odorous chemicals and form complexes with these materials.

Answer 29

odor quenching

Question 30

MOA of deodorants ingredients physically neutralize odorous molecules formed in the axilla via absorption or adsorption to decrease perceived odor.

Answer 30

odor absorbing/adsorbing

Question 31

MOA of deodorants (1) act by directly inhibiting enzymes of the underarm bacteria (2) by shifting the pH optimal for the development of underarm odor (pH 6) to acidic range, which results in odor reduction.

Answer 31

esterase inhibitors

Question 32

prevent underarm odor formation by inhibiting or deactivating the bacteria responsible for bad odor formation.

Answer 32

thru antimicrobial ingredients

Question 33

what are the odor-causing bacteria

Answer 33

Corynebacterium, Streptococcus and Propionibacterium species

Question 34

_________, also known as potassium aluminum sulfate, is more on antimicrobial effects than antiperspirant

Answer 34

tawas

Question 35

identify the MOA (deodorants) of an ingredient: fragrances

Answer 35

odor masking

Question 36

identify the MOA (deodorants) of an ingredient: sodium and potassium bicarbonate, zinc carbonate

Answer 36

odor neutralizing

Question 37

identify the MOA (deodorants) of an ingredient: zinc ricinoleate, zinc oxide, hydroxyapatite

Answer 37

odor quenching

Question 38

identify the MOA (deodorants) of an ingredient: resins, silicates

Answer 38

odor absorbing/adsorbing

Question 39

identify the MOA (deodorants) of an ingredient: zinc glycolate, citric acid derivates

Answer 39

esterase inhibitors

Question 40

identify the MOA (deodorants) of an ingredient: ethanol, triclosan, quaternary ammonium salts

Answer 40

thru antimicrobial ingredients

Question 41

identify the MOA (deodorants) of an ingredient: glyceryl monolaurate, sucrose monostearate

Answer 41

thru antimicrobial ingredients

Question 42

identify the MOA (deodorants) of an ingredient: thyme and clove oil

Answer 42

thru antimicrobial ingredients

Question 43

Mechanism of action of antiperspirants

Answer 43

reversibly block sweat gland secretion by forming a temporary, gelatinous plug in the eccrine duct that reduces, but do not stop, the flow of axillary perspiration

Question 44

aluminum chloride, aluminum chlorohydrate, aluminum sesquichlorohydrate, and aluminum sulfate

Answer 44

aluminum-based agents

Question 45

these antiperspirant agents are buffered with glycine to stabilize them and mitigate acidic harshness resulting when applied to underarm axilla.

Answer 45

aluminum-zirconium based agents

Question 46

These roll-ons are usually opaque O/W emulsions. Usually based on non-ionic surfactants like polyethylene glycol or propylene glycol ethoxylated alcohols, emollients, humectants, hydrophilic thickeners, antioxidants, chelating agents, texturizers (talc or cornstarch), preservatives, and fragrances.

Answer 46

water-based roll-ons

Question 47

these roll-ons have a shorter drying time and offer a refreshing feeling on application. Contain only alcohol-soluble actives, and usually thickened with hydrophilic polymer.

Answer 47

hydroalcoholic roll-ons

Question 48

problems/disadvantage of water-based roll-ons

Answer 48

it is more wet when applied and take longer to dry

Question 49

T/F: Emollients and silicones can be incorporated with proper emulsifiers in hydroalcoholic roll-ons

Answer 49

True

Question 50

these roll-ons can be formulated as anhydrous products where actives are suspended in volatile silicone oils like cyclomethicone

Answer 50

silicone-based roll-ons

Question 51

Why do silicone-based roll-ons need thickeners like quaternium-18 hectorite?

Answer 51

to reduce powder sedimentation. Particles size are also reduced as it will take time for it to settle

Question 52

these solid sticks are based on sodium stearate as a gelling agent. The deodorizing agents and fragrances are dissolved in hydrophilic vehicles based on water and propylene glycol.

Answer 52

Deodorant sticks

Question 53

Nonionic surfactants like __________________ and _____________ may be employed to make the deodorant stick formulation more transparent.

Answer 53

PPG-3 myristyl ether; isosteareth-20

Question 54

T/F: deodorant sticks contain preservatives, antioxidants, and chelating agents to improve stability.

Answer 54

True

Question 55

these solid sticks are usually anhydrous suspensions containing suspended antiperspirant actives in silicone-based vehicle.

Answer 55

antiperspirant sticks

Question 56

identify the function of the antiperspirant stick ingredient: cyclomethicone, cyclopentasiloxane

Answer 56

quick-drying and dry skin feel

Question 57

identify the function of the antiperspirant stick ingredient: myristyl myristate, octyldodecanol

Answer 57

skin feel and glideability

Question 58

identify the function of the antiperspirant stick ingredient: PPG-4 butyl ether

Answer 58

dispersing agent

Question 59

identify the function of the antiperspirant stick ingredient: stearyl alcohol, behenyl alcohol, hydrogenated castor oil

Answer 59

give structure to the stick and act as lubricant

Question 60

identify the function of the antiperspirant stick ingredient: quaternium-18 hectorite

Answer 60

thickener

Question 61

identify the function of the antiperspirant stick ingredient: talc, silica

Answer 61

suspending agent

Question 62

These product formats are W/Si emulsions that appear as transparent formulations which are often associated by consumers with a lack of white residue on the skin. Antiperspirant actives dissolved in water. May also contain alcohol and humectants

Answer 62

extrudable clear gels

Question 63

T/F: Blend of various concentrations of alcohol and dimethicone copolyol help disperse and solubilize actives

Answer 63

False. Blend of cyclomethicone and dimethicone copolyol help disperse and solubilize actives

Question 64

T/F: Special silicone blends are used to stabilize the emulsion

Answer 64

True

Question 65

These product formats are usually white anhydrous silicone suspension pastes. This is where the powdered active is suspended in silicone (cyclopentasiloxane) and/or hydrocarbon (isohexadecane).

Answer 65

extrudable soft solids

Question 66

extrudable soft solids are thickened with waxes like:

Answer 66

C18-36 acid triglyceride and tribehenin

Question 67

T/F: extrudable soft solids rub-in quickly, tacky, leave little residue on skin, and deliver high levels of antiperspirant protection

Answer 67

False. Non-tacky

Question 68

This product format is popular due to hygienic and easy-to-use product form

Answer 68

aerosols

Question 69

These aerosols contain a solution of deodorant ingredient blended with liquefied propellant. Provide a dry skin feeling as anhydrous formulations.

Answer 69

deodorant aerosols

Question 70

most commonly used propellants

Answer 70

propane, butane, and isobutane

Question 71

These aerosols are anhydrous formulations wherein antiperspirant actives are suspended in the product. Usually shaken before use.

Answer 71

antiperspirant aerosols

Question 72

Vehicles in antiperspirant aerosols consists of volatile ___________. Suspending agents like ___________ and ____________ are used to stabilize the product.

Answer 72

silicone oils; stearalkonium bentonite; hectorite

Question 73

Properties of antiperspirants - Antiperspirants are generally _________ (soluble/insoluble) in water - Aluminum powders tend to leave a visible _________ (white/yellow) residue on the skin or clothing when formulated into anhydrous systems - Antiperspirants have an acidic pH (_____ to ____) when dissolved in water - Antiperspirant aerosols contain actives in an _________ (dissolved/undissolved) suspended state - Antiperspirant actives are ________ (soluble/insoluble) in sweat - Antiperspirant actives are more readily available and effective is ____________ (water-phase/oil phase) is the external phase of emulsions

Answer 73

soluble white 4.0 to 4.2 undissolved soluble water-phase

Question 74

Problem: shrinkage of extrudable gel cause: volatility of _______ in formulations Remedy: addition of ________ to reduce [answer to cause] lost

Answer 74

alcohol humectants

Question 75

Problem: caking of aerosols Cause: _________ of actives at the bottom of the can Remedy: use of ________ like bentonite

Answer 75

settling thickeners

Question 76

Problem: valve clogging Cause: _______ particle sizes, ________ thickener concentrations or improper ___________ Remedy: use of ___________

Answer 76

large; high; valve system silicone oils

Question 77

Problem: staining and fabric damage Cause: build-up of ___________ from the product, _________ pH of antiperspirants Remedy: soaking in slightly ________ solution

Answer 77

aluminum salts; acidic alkaline

Question 78

Problem: poor pay-off Cause: improper type and/or insufficiently high concentration of ________________ Remedy: proper selection of ____________

Answer 78

hardening agents ingredients

Question 79

What are the product formats?

Answer 79

roll-ons, solid sticks, extrudable clear gels, extrudable soft gels, and aerosols

Question 80

What are the performance parameters?

Answer 80

In vitro microbiological testing, In vivo sniff test, and Sweat reduction test for antiperspirants

Question 81

Cultivation of selected bacteria on agar plates, and evaluation of microbial growth after incubation period

Answer 81

In vitro microbiological testing

Question 82

T/F: In vitro microbiological testing is reliable to indicate true potential of formulation for malodor control

Answer 82

False. Because what you measured is the bacteria, not the deodorizing effect that’s why this test is always paired with in vivo sniff test

Question 83

Sensory assessment of body odor by expert sniffers. Intensity of body odor is evaluated while test subjects perform normal activities

Answer 83

In vivo sniff test

Question 84

This is a phase of in vivo sniff test where subjects use perfume-free, non-antibacterial soap, with no antiperspirant for several days

Answer 84

preconditioning phase

Question 85

This is a phase of in vivo sniff test where subjects use test and control formulations for a few days

Answer 85

testing phase

Question 86

In the sweat reduction test for antiperspirants, the antiperspirant meet minimum of ___% sweat reduction in at least ___% of test population for standard effectiveness or minimum of ___% sweat reduction in at least ____% of test population for extra effectiveness. Test subjects must produce at least ____mg of sweat during ___minutes in a controlled environment

Answer 86

20; 50; 30; 50; 100; 20

Question 87

Identify the period of the sweat reduction test for antiperspirants Day 1 to day 17 Duration of 17 days - No application of any product on the axillae - Use of unscented mild soap provided by laboratory to daily clean armpits at home

Answer 87

Pre-conditioning period

Question 88

Identify the period of the sweat reduction test for antiperspirants Day 18 Duration of 1 day - Selection of volunteers having sufficient sweat rates and sweat odor intensity

Answer 88

Baseline

Question 89

Identify the period of the sweat reduction test for antiperspirants Day 19 to day 23 Duration of 5 days - 5 applications once a day - Randomized balanced design. Test product on one side/placebo on the other side

Answer 89

Product application

Question 90

Identify the period of the sweat reduction test for antiperspirants Day 24: ____ hours efficacy Day 25: ____ hours of efficacy - Ambient conditions - Sweat collection period: 4 hours - Gravimetric and sweat odor intensity evaluation - Statistical analysis

Answer 90

24 hours efficacy 48 hours efficacy