depression ao1

Question 1

What is DSM -5

Answer 1

shows Categories of depression

Question 2

2 major types of depression categorised by the DSM-5

Answer 2

major depressive disorder
persistent depressive disorder

Question 3

what is major depressive disorder

Answer 3

severe but short term depression

Question 4

what is persistent depressive disorder

Answer 4

long term and persistent depression

Question 5

3 behavioural characteristics of depression

Answer 5

reduced activity levels
distruption to sleep and eating
aggression and self harm

Question 6

3 emotional characteristics of depression

Answer 6

lowered mood
lowered self esteem
anger

Question 7

3 cognitive characteristvs of depression

Answer 7

Poor concentration-​
person suffering from depression can have poor levels of concentration, where they are unable to stick with a specific task or they find it hard to make decisions​
Attending to and dwelling on the negative- ​
person suffering holds unrealistic expectations about themselves and their relationships​
Absolutist thinking
person suffering from depression is likely to think that everything will turn out badly and there is no hope. This is sometimes called ‘black and white thinking.’ ​

​

Question 8

2 cognitive explanations of depression and who

Answer 8

becks cognitive theory
ellis abc model

Question 9

3 parts to becks cog triad?

Answer 9

1- faulty information processing
2- negative self schema
3- the negative triad

Question 10

explain faulty info processcing

Answer 10

This explanation refers to when individuals with depression tend to focus on the negative aspects of a situation and ignore the positive. They are prone to distorting and misinterpreting information, a process known as cognitive bias.​

Question 11

what 2 cog biases did beck specify

Answer 11

over generalisations
catastrophising

Question 12

give example for overgeneralusations

Answer 12

I’ve failed one end of unit test and therefore I’m going to fail ALL of my AS exams!’ ​

Question 13

give example for catastrophising

Answer 13

exaggerating a minor setback and believe that it’s a complete disaster, for example: ‘I’ve failed one end of unit test and therefore I am never going to study at University or get a good job!’​

​

Question 14

explain negative self schema

Answer 14

A schema is a mental shortcut designed to help us deal with the information around us. These schemas develop through life experience. ​

Self-schema is a mental shortcut of information people have about themselves. ​

People use schemas to interpret the world around them therefore, if a person has a negative self-schema they interpret the information about themselves in a negative way. ​

could lead to cognitive biases

Question 15

The three parts of becks neg triad are 3 types of…

Answer 15

three types of negative thinking that occur which occur automatically and cause a dysfunctional view of themselves This happens regardless of the reality. This is called the negative triad.

Question 16

3 parts of neg triad

Answer 16

Negative view of the world - word is full obstacles . ​

Negative view of the future.​ - there is no way the future will get bwtter

Negative view of self.​ - i am worthless

Question 17

what did ellis say caused depression or anxiety

Answer 17

irrational thoughts

Question 18

3 abc of ellis abc model

Answer 18

activating event
belief
consequences

Question 19

describe activating event

Answer 19

happen when we experience negative events and these trigger irrational beliefs. E’g failing the first exam in AS year 12 ​

Question 20

describe belief abc model

Answer 20

Ellis identified a range of irrational beliefs - mustabatory thinking - consequence of not accepting we dont live in a perfect world
“i must do well, you must treat me well, the world must be easy” - ellis
dissapointed due to failing to achieve unrealistic goals, other ppl not behaving how we want them to and unexpected events

Question 21

consequence in abc model

Answer 21

According to Ellis, rational beliefs lead to healthy emotional outcomes (acceptance), whereas, irrational beliefs lead to unhealthy emotional outcomes, including depression​

Question 22

2 types of cognitive behaviour therapy

Answer 22

becks cognitive therapy
rational emotive behaviour therapy

Question 23

describe becks cbt

Answer 23

idenify and challenge neg automatic thoughts (irrational thinking) surrondinf neg triad (future self and world) - beh element
Jointly clarify goals w client not patient as beck didnt like the word and put a plan to achieve them.

Question 24

in becks cbt client is the…

Answer 24

SCIENTIST: CBT helps client test the reality of their negative beliefs. They encourage client to investigate their beliefs.​

Question 25

what are 2 othere elements of becks cbt apart ftom challenging irrational thoughts and neg irrational belifs

Answer 25

homewrok future sessions

Question 26

describe hw in becks cbt

Answer 26

clients might be asked to record when they enjoyed event or when people were nice to them.

Question 27

describe future sessions in becks cbt

Answer 27

homework is useful in further session. If client falls back into patterns of thought the therapist can use evidence to prove client’s thoughts are incorrect. Reinforcing positive beliefs.​

Question 28

ellis rebt stands for

Answer 28

rational emotive behavioural therapy

Question 29

what is rebt

Answer 29

cog treatment for depression extends ellis abc model to abcde adding in d - dispute e - effect

Question 30

main technique for rebt is to and give an exampke

Answer 30

identify and challenge irrational thoughts​ A client might talk about how unluck​y they have been or how unfair things seem. REBT therapist would identify these as utopianism and challenge irrational beliefs.​

Question 31

how does dispute part of rebt occur

Answer 31

challenging thoughts by providng one of 3 types of arguments

Question 32

what are 3 types of arguments ellis identified

Answer 32

empirical logical pragmatic

Question 33

what is empirical arugment in ellis rebt

Answer 33

Disputing if there is real evidence to support the irrational belief​

Question 34

what is logical argument in ellis rebt

Answer 34

Disputing if there negative effect follows logically from the facts​

Question 35

what is pragmatic argument in ellis rebt

Answer 35

challenging how helpful or benefits of their thoughts. ​

Question 36

another component of ellis rebt - apart from dispute and effect

Answer 36

behavioural activation

Question 37

reason for beh activation

Answer 37

As individuals become depressed, they can tend to increasingly avoid difficult situations and become isolated. ​ This can maintain and worsen symptoms. ​

Question 38

goal of behavioural act

Answer 38

is to work with individuals to gradually decrease their avoidance and isolation. ​ This should ideally increase their engagement in activities that have been shown to improve mood. E.G. exercise, going out to dinner etc. ​ Therapist will aim to reinforce such activities. ​

Question 39

outline cog treatments for depression

Answer 39

cbt involves both cog and beh elements typically starts w initial assesment in which patient and therapisr identify problems, a set of goals and finally plan of action to achieve goals despite differences in becks cog t and ellis rebt the aim to identofy and challenge irrational neg thoughts remains the same eg ellis rebt involves an extention of his abc model to include dispute and effective. the idea is the therapist will dispute patients neg irratonal bel and replace them w rational ones. there are diff kinf of disputes used eg empirical dis - where ther seeks ev for neg thougjts - "where is ev that your belifs are true" following any kind of cbt session the thearpist may set their patient hw. this could take various forms eg becks cog therpay would encourgae the patient to test their own irrational bel and prove them wrong which results in their bel begining to change. patient could also be given beh hw wg going out to do some excercise which would be reinforced by therapisrr

Question 40

explain how findings of psych reserach into treatment of depression could have implications for the economy

Answer 40

psychological research findings into psychopathology may lead to improvements in psychological health/treatment programmes which may mean that people manage their health better and take less time off work. This would reduce costs to the economy * psychological research findings may lead to better ways of managing people who are prone to mental health issues whilst they are at work which could improve their individual productivity, again boosting the economy overall