dev wk 11

Question 1

3 ASPECTS OF EMOTIONS

Answer 1

1) physiological response
2) Cognition, subjective conscious experience, own cognitive interpretation of physiological response
3) Behaviour, overt expression of emotions

Question 2

Discrete emotions theory

Tomkins and Izard argue that

Answer 2

Emotions are innate and distinct from one another from very early in life

each emotion is packaged with a specific and distinctive set of bodily and facial reactions

Question 3

the functionalist approach to emotion

Campos et al, Saarni et al

Answer 3

• emotions are not distinct from one another in early life and the environment influences emotional development

-the basic function of emotions is to promote action towards achieving a goal

Question 4

Social smiles are ….

and first emerge at what age

White 1985

Answer 4

directed towards people

6-7 weeks of age

Question 5

after about __ or ___ mnths of age, children start to laugh aswell as smile during veriety of activities

Answer 5

3 or 4

Question 6

at about ___ months, infants start to smile primarily at familiar people than strangers

Answer 6

7

Question 7

negative emotions in infants are difficult to interpret .
It has been suggested that young infants are experiencing ________ ________ when they evidence negative emotion and that anger and distress/pain are not differentiated in most contexts

Answer 7

undifferentiated distress

Question 8

the first clear signs of fear emerge ____ old, when ….

Answer 8

6 or 7 mnths old

when unfamiliar people no longer provide comfort or pleasure similar to that provided by familiar people

Question 9

Anger is more likely to be distinct from other emotions by ____ to _____ months

Answer 9

4-8 months

Question 10

during their 2nd year when they have more control over thier environments , children usually show anger when

Answer 10

control is taken away or when they get frustrated

Question 11

in children, sadness is often shown in the same situations as ___

Answer 11

anger

though less frequently

Question 12

Self-conscious emotions are_____

often emerge during ____ yr of life

Answer 12

feelings that relate to out sense of self e.g. guild, shame, embarrassment, pride

2nd

Question 13

what age is embarrassment felt.

what situation usually

Answer 13

15-24 months

when are made centre of attention

Question 14

what age is pride felt

Answer 14

3 yrs, increasingly tied to level of performance

Question 15

guilt is assoicated with

involves feelings of…

Answer 15

empathy for others

remorse, regret, desire to make ammends

Question 16

shame is unrelated to

Answer 16

concern about others

involves a desire to hide and be less conspicuous

Question 17

what parents say to children after doing something bad usually determines whether the child experiences guilt or shame e.g:

Answer 17

guilt = you did a bad thing

shame = you’re a bad boy/girl

Question 18

By__ - ___months, infants can distinguish certain emotional
expressions such as happiness and surprise

Answer 18

4-7

Question 19

By ~8 to ….. months, children start using social referencing
to read others’ facial, gestural, or vocal cues to decide
how to deal with novel or ambiguous situations (Saarni
et al., 1998)

Answer 19

8-12

Question 20

Borke (1971) showed that __-year-olds can identify
happy situations in stories (e.g., having a birthday
party), but were less accurate in identifying sad
situations (e.g., losing a pet) until age

Answer 20

2-

4

Question 21

By age 4-___-___, children’s explanations for why peers
experience negative emotions (e.g., being teased or
losing a toy) are somewhat similar to those of adults
(Fabes et al., 1988)

Answer 21

4-6

Question 22

Display rules

Answer 22

A social group’s informal norms about when, where and
how much one should display emotions, and when and
where one should suppress/ mask them
– May be facial displays (monitor, falsify and inhibit facial
expressions) or verbal displays (monitor, falsify and inhibit
speech)

Question 23

2 types of display rules

Answer 23

-Prosocial display rules are used to protect another’s
feelings (e.g., pretending to like someone’s cooking when
you do not)
- Self-protective display rules are used for personal gain
(e.g., pretending not to be bothered by losing a race)

Question 24

what did * Gnepp and Hess (1986) find about developing display rules

Answer 24

Use of display rules increased
up to 5th grade (age 9)
* Children’s understanding was
greater for verbal display rules
than for facial display rules
* Children also understood
prosocial display rules better
than self-protective display
rules