wk 12 - moral dev

Question 1

conscience

Answer 1

internal regulatory mechanism that increases the individuals ability to conform with standards of conduct acceepted in their culture

Question 2

Empathy is

Answer 2

an emotional reaction to another’s emotional state or
condition that is similar to that person’s state or condition

Question 3

Sympathy is

Answer 3

the feeling of concern for another person (or animal)
in reaction to the other’s emotional state or condition; often an
outcome of empathizing with another’s negative emotion or
situation

Question 4

Genetic indiv dif in prosocial behaviour

Answer 4

-identical twins more similar in prosocial beha than DZ twins.
-however, may arise indirectly from diff in temperament

Question 5

environmnetal indiv dif in prosocial behaviour

Answer 5

vironmental influences
– socialisation (in the family) is a strong
influence on prosocial development
– Children are more likely to imitate the
prosocial behaviour of adults with
whom they have a positive relationship
(Yarrowet al., 1973

Question 6

Antisocial behaviour:

Answer 6

Antisocial behaviour is harmful behaviour intended to
bring negative consequences to another

Question 7

Piaget concluded that children went
through two stages of moral development:

Answer 7

-Heteronomous morality
-Autonomous morality

Question 7

heteronomous morality:

Answer 7

• Children not yet in the concrete operational stage (in the pre-operational stage, before age of ~7 yrs)
• Rules are fixed, no context
• focus on action + concequence, not intentions
• governed by parents expectations

Question 8

Autonomous morality:

Answer 8

Children firmly in the concrete operational stage or beyond
-develop ability to take another’s perspective, develop “theory of mind”
-No longer blindly accept rules
-* Can consider individual’s intentions when they perform a
particular behaviour

Question 10

Stage 1 of Moral reasoning

Answer 10

Punishment Orientation

Rules are obeyed to avoid punishment

Question 11

Stage 2 of Moral reasoning

Answer 11

Instrumental orientation or personal gain

Rules are obeyed for personal gain

Question 12

Stage 3 of Moral reasoning

Answer 12

‘Good boy’ or ‘Good girl’ orientation

Rule are obeyed for approval

Question 13

Stage 4 of Moral reasoning

Answer 13

Maintenance of the social order

Rule are obeyed to maintain social order

Question 14

Stage 5 of Moral reasoning

Answer 14

Morality of contract and individual rights

Rules are challenged if they infringe on the rights of others

Question 15

Stage 6 of Moral reasoning

Answer 15

Morality of Conscience

Individuals have a personal set of ethical principles

Question 16

Level 1: Pre-Conventional morality

Answer 16

Stage 1: Punishment Orientation

Stage 2: Instrumental orientation or personal gain

Question 17

Level 2: Conventional morality

Answer 17

Stage 3: ‘Good boy’ or ‘Good girl’ orientation
Stage 4: Maintenance of social order

Question 18

Social Domain Theory

This theory proposes that moral development is not stage-like, but
rather is a more gradual change based on 3 factors:

Answer 18

-the child’s social interactions with peers
-the child’s social interaction with adults
-direct socialization from their parents (parents teach children
how to behave, both explicitly through instruction, and implicitly
by example)

Question 19

Moral judgements

Answer 19

decisions which pertain to the issues of right and wrong, fairness and justice

Question 20

Social conventional judgements

Answer 20

decisions which pertain to customs or regulations intended to secure social coordination and social organisation

Question 21

Personal judgements

Answer 21

Decisions that refer to actions in which individual preferences are the main consideration (e.g., deciding
whether or not to eat a packet of crisps for lunch)

Question 22

Children begin to differentiate between moral and social
conventional issues as early as age ____, and see moral
transgressions as more serious offenses (Smetana & Braeges,
1990)

Answer 22

3

Question 23

• It is likely that people in all cultures
  differentiate between moral, social
  conventional, and personal domains
  of functioning, but there are some
  cultural differences as to how a
  given behaviour is viewed =

Answer 23

Children in India are much more likely
than children in the United States to
say that helping others is a moral,
rather than a personal, choice (Miller
et al., 1990)

Question 24

Conscience develops slowly over time
– The conscience of a young child primarily reflects internalised ___(a)___
standards (Hoffman, 1982, Konchanska, 2002)
-Conscience reins-in antisocial behaviour and improves __(b)__
*
– __(c)__-year-olds understand some moral standards and rules and begin to show guilt when they do something wrong (Kopp, 2001)

Answer 24

a) parental
b) compliance
c)Two

Question 25

– Children typically adopt their parents’ moral values if…
* their parents use ___(A)___ rather than harsh discipline
* the children are __(b)__ attached (Konchanska et al., 2002)

Answer 25

a) rational explanations
b) securely

Question 26

At about age _____, children start to more clearly differentiate
between another’s emotional distress and their own (RadkeYarrow & Zahn-Waxler, 1984) although their responses may
still be egocentric (Hoffman, 1990)

Answer 26

2

Question 27

Parents who are _____ and
supportive tend to have children who
are high in prosocial behaviour and
sympathy
* Discipline involving ______ fosters
voluntary prosocial behaviour, especially
when the reasoning points out the
____ of the child’s behaviour
for others (Eisenberg & Fabes, 1998)

Answer 27

constructive

reasoning

consequences

Question 28

Physically aggressive behaviour emerges around _____
and increases until about age 2, when it decreases in
frequency (Coie & Dodge, 1998)
– But, the development of language skills sees an increase in ___________ ______ (e.g., teasing/name-calling Bonica et al., 2003)

Answer 28

18 months

verbal aggression,

Question 28

Preschoolers (3-5 years) often show ____ aggression
as they learn to share (Fabes & Eisenberg, 1992)

Answer 28

instrumental

Question 29

Children prone to reactive aggression (i.e.,
emotionally driven, antagonistic aggression) are
particularly likely to perceive other people’s
motives as ____ and to generate and accept ________ responses to provocation

Answer 29

hostile

aggressive

Question 30

Children prone to _______ _______(i.e.,
unemotional aggression aimed at fulfilling a need
or desire) tend to anticipate more ______ social
consequences for aggression

Answer 30

proactive aggression

positive

Question 31

Aggression declines in most children from age __ - __ (Shaw et al.,
2003)
But some children develop frequent and serious problems
with aggression

Answer 31

2-8

Question 32

Early-onset conduct problems are associated with a range of
______ ______ ______ (e.g., Aguilar et al., 2000)
* Late-onset (adolescent) conduct problems tend to emerge
from ____ _____ (McCabe et al., 2001

Answer 32

family risk factors

peer interactions