Development

Question 1

Mental Retardation classifications

Answer 1

1. Severe
   
   1. IQ <20
   2. Basic commands at best, possibly some self care
2. Severe
   
   1. IQ 20-34
   2. Very basic self care and communication
   3. may be able to live in group home
3. Moderate
   
   1. IQ 35-49
   2. Can work and do self-care with moderate supervision
   3. Can live in group homes
4. Mild
   
   1. 50-69 (85% of cases)
   2. up to 6th grade level
   3. can sometimes live independently
5. Borderline
   
   1. IQ - 70-79

Question 2

Mental Retardation, most common…

1. Genetic form
2. Inherited form
3. teratogen-related
4. metabolic disorder-related
5. postnatal cause

Answer 2

1. Genetic form = Trisomy 21
2. Inherited form = Fragile X
3. Teratogen related = Fetal Alcohol syndrome
4. Metabolic disorder related = PKU
5. Postnatal cause = lead poisoning

Question 3

Developmental Milestones: Birth to one year

1. 1 month
2. 2 months
3. 3 months
4. 4 months
5. 6 months
6. 8 months
7. 9-12 months
8. 10 months
9. 12 months

Answer 3

Question 4

Visual development:

Birth

First week

2-3 months

6+ months

Answer 4

Birth

1. Cannot accomodate: fuocus is 8-12 inches
2. Light-detection threshold = 50x higher than adults (bright lights don’t bother them nearly as much)
3. Black-white vision

Week 1

1. Color vision present, blue-violet develop later
2. Visual preferences
   
   1. Complex patterns and curved lines
   2. Face-like stimuli
3. Mother’s Face
   
   1. in 4 days newborn prefers mother’s face to stranger (by hairline and contour)

2-3 months

1. social smile
2. can track objects through space keeping head immobile
3. binocular vision develops (conjugate eye movements)
4. Thus > begins to reach for objects

6 months

1. can fully accomodate
2. Essential Adult vision
3. First eye exam recommended here

Question 5

Language Development:

First words at ____

20 words / 2 word sentences ____

200 words / 3 word sentences ____

4-5 word sentences at ____

5+ word sentences____

Answer 5

1. first words = 12 months
2. 20 words / 2 word sentences = 18 months
3. 200 words / 3 word sentences = 24 months
4. 4-5 word sentences at 3 years
5. 5+ word sentences at 5 years

Question 6

Motor / Cognitive development

18 months

2 years

3 years

4 years

5 years

Answer 6

1. 18 months
   
   1. Trial and error
   2. Symbolic rasoning (able to put square peg in square hole)
   3. identifies objects in picture book
   4. 1-step commands
   5. communicates by pointing
   6. Competes with other children for toys
2. 2 years
   
   1. Climbs on furniture
   2. runs/walks well
   3. Drinks from straw
   4. finds hidden objects
   5. “make believe”
3. 3 years
   
   1. Tower of >6 cubes
   2. rides tricycle
   3. stands on one foot
   4. plays simple games
   5. screws lids, turns handles
4. 4 years
   
   1. throws ball overhand
   2. hops on one foot
   3. uses scissors to cut out pictures
   4. counts 4 pennies
5. 5 years
   
   1. Skips
   2. names 4 colors
   3. counts 10 pennies
   4. distinguishes fantasy from reality

Question 7

Fine motor milestones

Answer 7

Question 8

Piaget’s Developmental stages:

A
B

C

D

Answer 8

Sensorimotor stage (birth-2 years)

1. Object permanence
2. Stranger anxiety (8 months)

Preoperational stage (2-7 years)

1. Symbolic play
2. mental trial and error (2 years)
3. Decentration (4 years)
   
   1. take other people’s perspective
   2. “buy mommy flowers” versus “buy mommy a toy truck”
4. CANNOT grasp conservation

Concrete stage (7 years - 11 years)

1. Conservation of mass
2. inductive reasoning (specific > general)
3. CAN grasp conservation (pour water into long thin glass, doesn’t mean more water)

Formal operational stage (11+)

1. Deductive reasoning (general > specific)

Question 9

Moral developmental stages:

A

B

C

Answer 9

1. Preoperational stage
   
   1. Morality of constraints (follow rules or get punished)
   2. rules of behavior are observed
2. Concrete
   
   1. Morality of acceptance (if I follow rules, so do you)
   2. rules of behavior seen as mutual acceptance
3. Formal operations
   
   1. Moorality of cooperation (rules based on underlying concept)
   2. rules are constructed by the group to take circumstances into account (to increase fairness)

Question 10

Stages of Play

A
B
C
D

Answer 10

1. Solitary play
2. parallel play
3. associative play (playing in game together but not working together)
4. Cooperative play

Question 11

APGAR scoring

Answer 11

• “Appearance”
  
  • 0: Blue-Gray
  • 1: Trunk normal, but hands/feet are bluish
  • 2: Normal
• “pulse”
  
  • 0 : Absent
  • 1: <100
  • 2: 100+
• “grimace”
  
  • 0: No response
  • 1: Facial movement to stim
  • 2: pulls away, sneezes, coughs / cries with stim
• Activity
  
  • 0: no movement / floppy
  • 1: Arms / legs flexed with little movement
  • 2: active, spontaneous movement
• Respirations
  
  • 0: Absent
  • 1: Slow / irregular breathing, weak cry
  • 2: normal rate / effort, good cry

Question 12

Most common genetic cause for autism spectrum disorder associated with macrocephaly

Answer 12

Phosphate and Tensin tumor suppression (PTEN) mutation

Question 13

Mom leaves and child begins to cry. When mom returns, what is it called if:

Child calms when mother soothes
Child avoids mother
child is inconsolable after mom returns

Answer 13

• Child calms when mother soothes = secure
• Child avoids mother - insecure avoidant
• child is inconsolable after mom returns - insecure ambivalent

Question 14

Erikson’s stages (and age for each)
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H

Answer 14

• A: trust vs mistrust (0-12 months)
• B: Autonomy vs shame/doubt (1-3 years)
• C: Initiative vs guilt (3-6)
• D: Industry vs inferiority (6-12)
• E: Identity vs role confusion (12-18)
• F: Intimacy vs Isolation (20’s-40’s)
• G: Generativity vs Stagnation (40’s)
• F: Integrity vs Dispiar (60’s to end of life)