Development Flashcards
(25 cards)
What are the three main questions addressed in the lecture on development?
Why and where do new industries emerge? What is the role of history in the evolution of new industries? How can regional development be regulated through policies?
Why is development considered a normative concept?
Because it implies an end goal or final state of improvement, often shaped by subjective or culturally-specific values.
What does it mean that development is hierarchical?
It implies that development involves subsequent stages of improvement and suggests a linear progression from less to more developed.
How is development a historical concept?
It originated in the Global North and has been used to compare and analyze ‘underdeveloped’ regions relative to Western industrialization.
How does a region’s industrial structure influence its development prospects?
New industries often emerge from related existing ones; inherited sectoral specializations affect workforce skills and knowledge.
What role do institutions play in regional development over time?
Institutions, especially informal ones, change slowly and can have lasting effects on economic structures and outcomes.
How has colonialism historically impacted regional development?
Through exploitation, extraction, disrupted local development, and establishing economic systems focused on serving colonial powers. Primary Product Dependancy
What was a major feature of colonial trade systems?
Exclusive trading rights and monopolies (e.g., East India Company), and trade organized to benefit the colonizers.
What is meant by commodity dependence in developing countries?
Economies structured around exporting a limited number of raw materials, resulting in lack of diversification and vulnerability.
What are the consequences of extractive colonial institutions?
They foster inequality, hinder domestic industrialization, and create lasting economic dependency.
What is structural change in economic development?
The transition from low-productivity, labor-intensive sectors to high-productivity, skill-intensive sectors (e.g., from agriculture to services).
What is deindustrialization and how does it relate to regional development?
The decline of manufacturing industries leading to job losses; often requires regions to shift to services or new industries.
What happened to South Wales as an example of industrial transformation?
After its coal industry declined, the region shifted toward services, education, and tourism, supported by major public investment.
What is meant by a regional ‘lock-in’?
A region’s over-reliance on outdated industries and skills makes diversification and adaptation to new sectors difficult.
Why is industry diversification important for regions?
It fosters economic resilience and growth by reducing dependence on a single industry and encouraging innovation.
What three pathways can regions follow to diversify their economies?
1) Recombination of existing skills, 2) Accessing new knowledge from outside, 3) Building openness and absorptive capacity.
How does structural change differ in the Global North and South?
In the North, it often follows industrialization to services; in the South, it may skip steps or occur under external constraints and dependency.
How does the OECD define regional development?
As efforts to enhance well-being and living standards across all region types and contribute to national performance and inclusive societies.
What are the three main perspectives on regional development according to Pike et al. (2016)?
1) Economic growth (income, employment), 2) Inclusion (social equity), 3) Sustainability (holistic well-being).
What characterizes top-down regional policy-making?
Central government-led, sectoral, with little local input, often involving large-scale, planned projects.
What characterizes bottom-up regional policy-making?
Local initiative, cross-level cooperation, region-specific diagnosis, and community-driven interventions.
How can social standards emerge in global production networks?
Often initiated by private actors (e.g., NGOs, companies) and later supported by national laws and institutions.
What is the significance of the Trustea initiative in India?
It shows how domestic actors created locally-embedded social standards in response to global sustainable sourcing demands.
What are the implications of top-down vs. bottom-up policy-making on development outcomes?
They determine who benefits, how power is distributed, and whether policies reproduce or challenge existing inequalities.
