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Development Flashcards

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1
Q

bronfenbrenner’s ecological model

A

microsystem - immediate envt

mesosystem - interactions between components of microsystem (e.g. fam factors on school)

ecosystem - broader environment that affect child (parents work)

macrosystem - cultural beliefs

chronosystem - occur over lifespan (LT effects of SES)

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2
Q

Rutter’s indicators

A

predictors of child psychopathology: marital discord, low SES, large family size, parent criminality, maternal psychopathology, placement of child outside of home

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3
Q

niche picking

A

children seek out experiences that are consistent with their genetic predisposition

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4
Q

stages of prenatal development

A

germinal (2 weeks- ovum –> zygote)
embryonic (3 - 8 wks)
fetal (9 wk - birth)

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5
Q

dominant gene disorders

A

Huntingtons

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6
Q

Recessive gene disorders

A

cystic fibrosis
sickle cell
Tay Sachs
phenylketonuria

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7
Q

Chromosomal abnormalities

A

Down syndrome
Klinefelter
Turner (females with single x - short, webbed neck..)

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8
Q

brain development

A

brain is 25% of adult weight at birth
2 yo - 80% of adult weight (d/t increase in connections between neurons and formation of glial cells - myelination )
16 yo- full adult weight

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9
Q

neurogenesis

A

brain compensates for neuronal loss by forming new synaptic connections and neural pathways and new neurons in hippocampus

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10
Q

moro (startle) reflex

A

flings arms and legs outward and then toward body in response to a loud noise or loss of physical support

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11
Q

perception in newborns:

__ in 1-4 mo
__ 12 wks +
___ 5.5 to 12 mo

A

sucking

reaching

head turning

(heart rate and respiration for all)

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12
Q

vision

A

least well developed at birth

6 mo - visual acuity is almost that of adult

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13
Q

auditory localization

A

orient toward direction of sound

evident shortly after birth, disappear bt 2 and 4 mo and then reappear during rest of first year

few days after birth - can distinguish between a and i; by 2-3 mo, bt similar consonant sounds

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14
Q

early maturation for boys

A

benefits: popularity, athletic
bad: dissatisfaction with body image, increased risk for drug /alcohol use, delinquency, depression

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15
Q

early maturation for girls

A

bad: poor self concept, unpopular, dissatisfied, low academic achievement, increased risk for sex, drug, alcohol, depression, and eating disorder

late maturing - still not great but better academically

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16
Q

visual changes

A

after age 65, most ppl have problems that interfere with reading, driving, etc

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17
Q

sexual activity in late adulthood

A

similar to that of earlier adulthood

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18
Q

piaget’s adaptation

A

resolves disequilibrium

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19
Q

assimilation

A

incorporation of new knowledge into existing scheme

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20
Q

accommodation

A

modification of existing schemes to incorporate new knowledge

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21
Q

Piaget stages of cognitive development

A

birth/toddler: sensorimotor (object permanence)

preschool: Preoperational (learn thru language, symbols (pre causal reasoning, magical thinking, animism, irreversibility, centration- focus on most noticeable features)

School: Concrete operational (mental operations; logical rules, Conservation thru horizontal decalage - gradual gaining of conservation abilities)

Adolescent+: Formal Operational (think abstractly; egocentrism, personal fable, imaginary audience)

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22
Q

Information processing theories

A

increasing information processing capacity and efficiency

focus on specific cognitive domains and view cognitive ability as task specific

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23
Q

Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory

A

all learning as socially mediated; cognitive development is first interpersonal and then intrapersonal

zone of proximal development

scaffolding

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24
Q

early recognition and recall memory

A

3 mo - can recognize up to 24 hr later

6-12 mo - can recall series of events

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25
retention function
greater recall of recent events
26
reminiscence bump
greater recall of events that occurred from 10-30 yo
27
effects of age on memory: increasing age has negative impact on ___ rather than __ older adults have greatest declines in ___ followed by ___ ___ is more affected by age than ___ or ___
explicit v implicit recent LT memory (secondary memory; working memory episodic memory; semantic or procedural
28
age when children use memory strategies regularly
9 or 10
29
nativist approach to language development; advocated for by ___; he thought we had a ____, which :
biological mechanisms, universal pattern of language development Chomsky; innate language acquisition device (LAD) - makes it possible to acquire knowledge just by being exposed
30
semantic bootstrapping and syntactic bootstrapping
child's use of knowledge of meaning of words to infer grammatical category (persons - noun) use of syntactical knowledge to learn meaning of words
31
phonemes and morphemes
smallest units of sound smallest units of sound that convey meaning (do)
32
stages of language acquisition
``` crying cooing (6-8 wks) babbling (4 mo) echolalia (9 mo) telegraphic (phase speech; 18-24 mo) vocab growth (fastest rate at 30-36 mo) ```
33
under and over extension
under: use word too narrowly (dish only for one dish) over: use word to broadly (all animals are dogs)
34
bilingualism
better at first, but not necessarily maintained benefits in adulthood
35
behavioral inhibition
biological contribution - relatively stable
36
Freud's psychosexual stages
infant: oral toddler: anal preschool: phallic school: latency adolescent +: genital
37
Erikson's stages of psychosocial development
infant: trust v mistrust toddler: autonomy v shame and doubt preschool: initiative v guilt school: industry v inferiority adolescent: identity v role confusion YA: intimacy v isolation adult: gnerativifty v stagnation old adult: ego integrity v despair
38
Levinson's "season's of a man's life"
early adult transition (17-22)- "the dream" age 30 transition (28-33) - fully enter adult world - "settling down" mid-life transition (40-45) - significant stress; deflation of the dream; "time since birth" transition to "time left to live"
39
Baumrind's parenting styles
responsivity and control: authoritarian - irritable, aggressive authoritative - permissive - immature, impulsive rejecting-neglecting -- juvenile delinquents
40
self awareness becomes apparent during year __
2
41
gender identity becomes established by age __
3
42
kohl berg's cognitive development theory re: gender gender identity gender stability gender constancy
male or female stable over time constant across situations
43
Bem's gender schema theory
combo of social learning and cognitive development
44
androgyny
associated with more SE than femininity
45
Marcia's identity statuses
degree to which identity crisis is being experienced: Diffusion- no id crisis Foreclosure - no crisis, but do have identity imposed on them by parent Moratorium - crisis; actively explores alternative identities Achievement - resolved the crisis
46
Gilligan's relational crisis
11 or 12 for girls - increasing pressure to fit cultural stereotypes; "loss of voice"
47
children's understanding of death death is reversible at age ___ deaths not reversible, but is escapable at age ___ death is final at age ___
2-5 5-9 10
48
stages of grief
``` Denial (no, not happening) A (why me?) B (yes, but not until this happens) D (yes, me) A (its ok) ```
49
attachment to mothers v fathers | key ingredient for mothers__ v fathers__
sensitivity v involvement in caregiving activities (vigorous physical play)
50
Adult Attachment Interview
relationship between parents own attachment experiences and attachment patterns of their children autonomous -> secure children dismissing (positive, but not supported or dismissing) -> avoidant preoccupied (angry/confused) --> ambivalent
51
coercive family interaction model
children learn aggression when parents do not reinforce prosocial bx, use harsh discipline, and reward children's aggression over time, parent-child aggression interactions escalate
52
social cognitive factors that contribute to aggression
self-efficacy beliefs (easy to be aggressive, hard to inhibit) aggression will result in positive outcomes little remorse
53
Piaget moral development
<6: premoral stage 7-10: heteronomous morality: rules are set by adults 11+: autonomous morality: focus more on intention; rules can be changed
54
Kohlber's levels of moral development
pre conventional: - punishment and obedience: good or bad depends on consequences (avoid punishment!) - instrumental hedonism: obtain rewards! Conventional: - "good boy/girl" - right thing to do is liked by others - law and order: rules est. by legit authorities Postconventional: - morality of contract - morally right is consistent with democratically determined law - should not interfere with basic rights - morality of conscience - r and w determined by self-chosen universally applicable ethical principles
55
effects of divorce on children are most profound ___
in the first year
56
child's age and divorce. children who experience most initial problems; most long-term consequences
preschool 6-8 yo
57
gender diff of divorce for boys and girls attributed to "sleeper effect"
girls who were in preschool or school age at time of divorce do not show problems until adolescence and are at higher risk as adults for problems
58
___ rather than divorce that increases risk for adverse outcomes
parent conflict
59
remarriage is typically __ for children with __ effect size
bad; small
60
worst child age for remarriage; stepfathers are __ for girls and __ for boys and are generally more ___
9+, esp adolescents bad; good disengaged
61
maternal employment is generally___ , esp for __ children. ___ for boys when combined with___ best when parents have ___
good; older not good; low supervision positive attitude
62
effects of gay or lesbian parent on child development
nature of parent child relationship is more important
63
gender diff for child sexual abuse; worse for __; less severe when abuse was committed by a
females; stranger
64
sibling conflict is worst for ___
same gendered siblings, 1.5 -3 yrs in age
65
buffering hypothesis
perception of social support is more important than actual support
66
outcomes are worst for children who are ___ by their peers
actively rejected
67
socioemotional selectivity theory; social goals -2 functions are:
social motives correspond to perceptions of time left in life as being limited or unlimited acquisition of knowledge (time unlimited) and regulation of emotion (time limited)
68
peer pressure peeks at __; exceptions include
14-15 later adolescents report more pressure to smoke, drink alcohol, have sex
69
___ have more influence on everyday issues | ___ have more influence on beliefs and values
peers | parents
70
self-fulfilling prophecy (Rosenthal)
when teachers were told about "bloomers" -students did better at end of year
71
gender diff in teacher feedback: boys are criticized for _ and praised for: girls are criticized for __ and praised for:
lack of decorum, failure to do work neatly, inattention; intellectual accomplishments, task-related behaviors lack of ability, inadequate intellectual performance; effort, cooperation, dependent behaviors
72
compensatory preschool programs
Head Start IQ scores not maintained, but LT benefits: better attitudes about school, less likely to be retained, placed in special ed, drop out, more likely to attend college
73
Montessori method; learning stems from__
child centered learning is experiential sense perception

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