Perception

Question 1

Young-Helmholtz Trichromatic theory

Answer 1

3 types of color receptors (cones) - receptive to a diff primary color

Question 2

Hering’s opponent-process theory

Answer 2

3 types of bipolar receptors: red-green, yellow-blue, white-black

supported by negative afterimages

thalamus

Question 3

depth perception

Answer 3

combination of binocular (close distance) and monocular (great distance) cues

Question 4

retinal disparity

Answer 4

our 2 eyes see objects from 2 different views; closer the object, greater the disparity

Question 5

synesthesia

Answer 5

joining senses; rare condition

hear a color or taste a shape
limbic system?

Question 6

psychophysics laws

Answer 6

developed to identify absolute thresholds and difference thresholds

absolute - minimum stimulus needed to produce a sensation

difference - smallest increment in stimulus intensity needed to recognize the discrepancy between the stimuli

Question 7

WEber’s law

Answer 7

the more intense the stimulus, the greater the increase in stimulus intensity required for the increase to produce a just noticeable difference

Question 8

Fechner’s law

Answer 8

physical stimulus changes are logarithmically related to psychological sensations; a person’s experience of stimulus intensity increases arithmetically as stimulus intensity increases geometrically

Question 9

Steven’s Power Law

Answer 9

address extreme intensities

description of sensation as an exponential function of stimulus intensity - possible to predict that doubling the intensity of a light less than doubles the sensation of the light’s brightness; doubling intensity of electric shock more than doubles physical sensation

Question 10

temporal lobes

Answer 10

encoding, storage, and retrieval of long-term memories
right lobe: nonverbal memory tasks
left: verbal memory

Question 11

hippocampus

Answer 11

consolidating LT declarative memories, but not storage
explicit memory (conscious recollection)

Question 12

neural mechanisms

Answer 12

study of sea slug (Aplysia)

ST memory - changes at existing synapses
LT memory - increase in number of synapses and modification to structure

long-term potentiation - greater responsively of a postsynaptic neuron to low-intensity stimulation by a presynaptic neuron for hours, days, weeks after presynaptic neuron has been barraged by high-frequency stimulation

protein synthesis - LT memory depends on this in minutes or hours after learning

Question 13

Broca’s aphasia

Answer 13

expressive, motor, and confluent aphasia

speak slowly and with great difficulty
anomia (can’t name object)

frustration, anxiety, depression

Question 14

Wernicke’s aphasia

Answer 14

trouble understanding written and spoken language and generating meaningful language

speech is rapid, seems effortless - largely devoid of content

often unaware that speech is meaningless

Question 15

Conduction aphasia

Answer 15

anomia, paraphasia, impaired repetition

Question 16

Transcortical aphasia

Answer 16

caused by lesions outside broca and wernicke’s area

transcortical motor - damage isolates only broca’s area

transcortical sensory - isolates only Wernicke’s area

Question 17

James-Lange theory

Answer 17

importance of peripheral factors: emojified represent perceptions of bodily reactions to sensory stimuli

“you are afraid because your knees are shaking”

quadriplegics - have less intense emos

Question 18

Cannon-Bard theory

Answer 18

emphasis on brain mechanisms

emotional and bodily reactions to stimuli occur simultaneously as a result of thalamic stimulation of the cortex and peripheral NS

research - bodily reactions are fairly similar for all emo

Question 19

Two-factor theory

Answer 19

Schahter and Singer; epinephrine study

combo of physiological arousal and cognitive interpretation of that arousal

Question 20

cognitive appraisal theory

Answer 20

Lazarus

emotions are universal, but there are differences in how emotion arousing events are interpreted or appraised

primary appraisal: situation as irrelevant, positive-benign, or stressful

secondary appraisal - eval of resources to cope with a situation that is stressful

re-appraisal - monitors and modifies appraisals

Question 21

Papez’s circuit

Answer 21

neural circuit that mediates experience and expression of emotion

hippocampus, mammillary bodies, anterior nuclei of thalamus and cingulate gyrus

Question 22

Cerebral cortex

Answer 22

L hemisphere: happiness and positive emotions; damage: depression, anxiety
R hemisphere: sadness, fear, negative emotions; damage: indifference, apathy, lability, extra cheerfulness; dominant for recognition and expression of emotion

Question 23

hypothalamus

Answer 23

translation of emotion into physical responses

Question 24

General adaptation syndrome (3 stages)

Answer 24

Selye

physiological reactions to stress - edited by adrenal and pituitary glands

alarm
resistance
exhaustion

Question 25

type A behavior pattern

Answer 25

highly competitive, achievement oriented, hostile, easily irritated hostility - most associated with health problems

Question 26

sexual dimorphism

Answer 26

size of certain regions: corpus callosum, hippocampus, SCN related to differential exposure to androgens during prenatal and early postnatal development

Question 27

secondary sex characteristics

Answer 27

pubic hair, hips, breasts, etc - develop at puberty d/t increase in gonadal hormones

Question 28

hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis

Answer 28

hypothalamus secretes chemicals that stimulate anterior pituitary gland, when then releases the gonadotropic hormones that stimulate testosterone and sperm production or ovulation and estrogen

Question 29

adult sexual behavior

Answer 29

effects of hormones are less apparent for females in males - there is a link bt minimum threshold of testosterone and sexual interest; beyond minimum level, not a strong relationship

Question 30

Beta

Answer 30

alert, fully awake

Question 31

Alpha

Answer 31

relaxed, wakefulness (early stage 1)

Question 32

Theta

Answer 32

Stage 1-2 sleep

Question 33

Delta

Answer 33

stage 3 and 4 | deep sleep "slow wave"

Question 34

REM

Answer 34

``` most vivid dreams physiology mimics being awake: increased heart rate and respiration but muscles are in paralysis active/paradoxical sleep ``` REM increases in length as night progresses

Question 35

closed v open head injury

Answer 35

closed: non penetrating blow open: penetrating (gun shot); no loss of consciousness, symptoms more local and specific

Question 36

level of severity of head trauma

Answer 36

score on Glasgow coma scale duration of post traumatic amnesia duration of loss of consciousness

Question 37

post traumatic amnesia (PTA)

Answer 37

post injury anterograde amnesia - good predictor of persistence of cognitive, motor, personality and other sx caused by injury

Question 38

retrograde amnesia post TBI

Answer 38

recent memories more affected than remote | "shrinking"- most remote memories return first

Question 39

recovery from TBI

Answer 39

linked to severity of injury, age, gender, SES, pre-injury physical and mental functioning bad outcomes linked to allele e4 on ApoE gene greatest amount of recovery occurs in first 3 mo. and then more recovery in 1st year

Question 40

postconcussional syndrome (PCS)

Answer 40

somaticc and psychological symptoms that occur in ~50% of individuals initially: headache, dizziness, nausea, blurred vision, drowsiness then: insomnia, fatigue, tinnitus, cognitive impairment, irritability, depression, anxiety combo of organic and psychological factors

Question 41

Cerebrovascular accident (CVA)

Answer 41

stroke sudden or gradual onset of neurological symptoms resulting from disruption of blood supply to the brain causes: 1) thrombosis (blockage by blood clot) 2) embolism (blockage by other material) 3) hemorrhage risk factors: hypertension and atherosclerosis (thickening of artery walls), heart attack, diabetes, cigarette, older age depression affects up to 40% immediately, sometimes months later

Question 42

Huntington's Disease

Answer 42

inherited; degenerative; combo of psychiatric, cognitive, and motor symptoms offspring have 50% chance of developing disorder; dx bt 30-50 yo first: emotional and cognitive sx early motor sx: fidgeting and clumsiness, facial grimaces, "piano playing" (chorea= jerky movements) later: "dance like" gait, athetosis (slow, writhing movements) cognitive impairments progress to exec function loss of GABA in basal ganglia, esp caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallid us

Question 43

Parkinson's disease

Answer 43

progressive degeneration of dopamine containing cells in substantial nigra exposure to toxins may contribute positive symptoms: tremor, muscle rigidity, akathisia (cruel restlessness) neg sx: postural disturbances, speech difficulties, slow movement, akinesia (less spontaneous movement) 20% depression precedes sx; 50% depression at some point initially alleviated by L-dopa

Question 44

seizure

Answer 44

d/t abnormal electrical activity in the brain that causes 1 or more: 1) aura that signals onset 2) loss of consciousness 3) abnormal movement

Question 45

generalized seizure

Answer 45

bilaterally symmetrical; no focal onset tonic-clonic (grand mal) and absence tonic-clonic: tonic = muscles contract and bod stiffens; clonic= rhythmic shaking of limbs; postictal depression or confusion absence (petite mal)- brief attacks of loss of consciousness without prominent motor symptoms (thalamus)

Question 46

partial seizures

Answer 46

often begin on one side of brain and affect one side of body initially, but can spread simple: no loss of consciousness complex: some alterations in consciousness temporal lobe epilepsy= most common cause of partial seizures

Question 47

hypertension

Answer 47

primary: high blood pressure is not due to a physiological cause (85-90% of cases) "silent killer" secondary: elevated blood pressure is related to a known disease risk factors: family hx of hypertension, obesity, smoking, salt, stress, old age older > younger AA > white men> women UNLESS old and AA

Question 48

migraine headache

Answer 48

usually limited to one side of head, accompanied by nausea, vomitting, diarrhea, constipation and sensitivity to light, noise, odors 12% classic - aura common migraine - no aura but other sx can signal F> M constriction and dilation of blood vessels and low serotonin

Question 49

cluster headache

Answer 49

excruciating, usually burning pain that occurs in clusters 1+ a day for 2-3 mo usually behind one eye

Question 50

tension headache

Answer 50

non throbbing pain, usually on both sides of the head, back of the neck, or facial area; pressure or tightness

Question 51

PMS

Answer 51

30-80% only 1.8-5.8% severe enough to meet criteria for premenstrual dysphoric disorder placebos, SSRI, CBT

Question 52

hyperthyroidism

Answer 52

Grave's disease speeded-up metabolism, elevated body temp, heat intolerance, increased appetite with weight loss, rapid heart rate, agitation, emo lability, fatigue, insomnia

Question 53

hypothyroidism

Answer 53

slowed metabolism, reduced appetite with weight gain, slowed heart rate, lower body temp, lethargy, depression, decreased libido, apathy, confession, impaired concentration and memory

Question 54

hypoglycemia

Answer 54

low blood glucose: hunger, dizziness, headaches, blurred vision, palpitations, anxiety, depression, confusion

Question 55

diabetes mellitus

Answer 55

hypoinsulinism (excessive blood glucose)