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My EPPP > psychopharm & brain structures > Flashcards

psychopharm & brain structures Flashcards

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1
Q

neuron loss and place of regeneration

A

less than 2% by age 70

hippocampus, caudate nucleus

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2
Q

conduction

A

messages within a neuron are transmitted from dendrites to the end of its axon

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3
Q

action potential

A

electrical impulse that travels quickly through the cell

depolarization (interior of cell becomes less negative) is followed by repolarization (positively charged potassium ions to leave)

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4
Q

all or none principle

A

whenever the stimulation received by a neuron exceeds a given threshold, the resulting action potential will always be the same intensity

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5
Q

synaptic transmission

A

transmission of information from one nerve cell to another is chemically mediated

release of neurotransmitter to synaptic cleft

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6
Q

neurotransmitters

A

chemicals that transmit signals from one neuron to another

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7
Q

Acetylcholine

A

found in peripheral and central nervous systems

peripheral: causes muscles to contract (Myasthenia gravis)

CNS: REM sleep, sleep-wake cycle, learning and memory (Alzheimers)

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8
Q

Dopamine

A

catecholamines

Schizophrenia (too much)
Tourette’s (too much in caudate nucleus)
Parkinsons (not enough in substantia nivea
stimulant drugs, opiates, alcohol, nicotine

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9
Q

Norepinephrine

A

catecholamine

mood, attention, dreaming, learning, autonomic functions

low mood (catecholamine hypothesis)

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10
Q

Serotonin

A

inhibitory effect

mood, hunger, temperature, sex, arousal, sleep, aggression, migraine headache

too much: Schizophrenia, ASD, Anorexia
too little: aggression, depression, suicide, Bulimia, PTSD, OCD

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11
Q

GABA

A

inhibitory

eating, seizure, anxiety, motor, vision, sleep

too little: anxiety, (benzos enhance GABA), Huntingtons

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12
Q

Glutamate

A

excitatory

learning and memory (long term memory)

too much: seizures, stroke brain damage, Huntington’s, Alzheimers, neurodegenerative disorders

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13
Q

Endorphins

A

endogenous opioids, analgesic properties

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14
Q

spinal cord

A

made of bundles of myelinated axons, dendrites, cell bodies, interneurons;

1) carries info from brain and peripheral nervous system
2) coordinates left and right side
3) simple reflexes

superior (dorsal): carry sensory (afferent messages)
inferior (ventral): transmit motor (efferent) messages

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15
Q

quadriplegia

A

damage at cervical level

loss of sensory and voluntary motor function in arms and legs

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16
Q

paraplegia

A

damage at thoracic level

loss of sensory and voluntary functioning in legs

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17
Q

hydrocephalus

A

obstruction of the flow of CSF - > build up of fluid and enlargement of ventricles

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18
Q

somatic nervous system

A

(part of peripheral NS)

sensory nerves that carry info from body’s sense receptors to the CNS and motor nerves that carry info from the CNS to the skeletal muscles

governs voluntary activities

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19
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

(part of peripheral NS)

sensory nerves and motor nerves

mostly involuntary activities

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20
Q

sympathetic branch

A

arousal and expenditure of energy

fight or flight

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21
Q

parasympathetic branch

Study These Flashcards
A

conservation of energy

rest and digest

meditation, hypnosis, biofeedback - activate parasympathetic branch

22
Q

development of CNS (5 stages)

Study These Flashcards
A

proliferation - embryo 2 1/2 weeks old. new cells in neural tubing

migration - 8 weeks - immature neurons go to their destination and begin to form brain structures

differentiation - develop axons and dendrites

myelination - insulating sheath (postnatally)

synaptogenesis - postnatally - influenced by genetic and experiential factors

23
Q

CT and MRI

Study These Flashcards
A

structural techniques -

MRI slightly preferable

24
Q

PET and fMRI

Study These Flashcards
A

functional techniques - brain activity (blood flow, glucose, metabolism, oxygen consumptio)

25
Hindbrain
medulla and pons | cerebellum
26
medulla
influences flow of info bt spinal cord and brain swallowing, coughing, sneezing vital functions: breathing, heartbeat, blood pressure
27
pons
connects 2 halves of cerebellum | integration of movements in R and L side
28
cerebellum
balance and posture (along with: basal ganglia and motor cortex) timing and coordination of motor activities shift attention autism, schizophrenia, ADHD
29
ataxia
damage to cerebellum slurred speech, severe tremors, loss of balance (similar to bx in alcohol intoxication)
30
mid brain
superior and inferior colliculi, substancea nivea, reticular formation
31
reticular activating system (RAS)
part of reticular formation consciousness, arousal, wakefulness damage disrupts sleep wake, can produce coma like state of sleep some anesthetics work here
32
Forebrain
thalamus, hypothalamus, basal ganglia, limbic system
33
thalamus
"relay station" for sensory info except for olfaction
34
Wernicke Korsakoff syndrome
thiamine deficiency - causes atrophy of neurons in thalamus (result of chronic alcoholism) starts w Wernicke's encephalopathy - mental confusion, abnormal eye movements, ataxia
35
hypothalamus
hunger, thirst, sex, sleep, body temperature, movement, emotional reactions (laughter or rage) maintains homeostasis through ANS, pituitary, and endocrine glands
36
suprachiasmic nucleus
in hypothalamus sleep-wake cycle, circadian rhythms seasonal affective disorder
37
basal ganglia
3 forebrain structures: caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, and then substantia nigra (in mid brain) planning, organizing, voluntary movement, motor actions sensorimotor learning stereotyped motor expressions of emo (smiling) Huntington's, Parkinson's, Tourette's, OCD, ADHD
38
Limbic system
memory and emotion | amygdala, hippocampus, cingulate cortex
39
amygdala
motivational and emotional activities - attaching emotions to memories, involved in recall of emotionally charged experiences flashbulb memories
40
Kluver-Bucy syndrome
lesions in amygdala and temporal lobes of primates - reduce fear and aggression, increase docility, hyper sexuality, psychic blindness (can't recognize meaning of events)
41
hippocampus
less about emotions; learning and memory spatial, visual, verbal info and consolidating declarative memories (ST to LT) formation of visual images
42
corpus callosum
allows info bt hemispheres
43
contralateral representation
L hemisphere controls R side functions, etc. olfaction is exception
44
brain lateralization
hemispheric specialization apparent at birth
45
frontal lobe
primary motor cortex, supplementary motor cortex, premotor cortex, broca's area, prefrontal cortex
46
prefrontal cortex
emotion, memory, attention, self-awareness, higher-order executive functions Schizophrenia, ADHD, dementia dorsolateral damage - impaired judgment, insight, planning orbitofrontal damage - pseudopsychoapthy - emotional lability, distractibility, poor impulse control, impaired social insight mediofrontal damage - pseudo depression - impaired spontaneity, reduced emotional reactions- no vegetative symptoms, no negative conditions, no dysphoria
47
parietal lobe
somatosensory cortex - pressure, temperature, pain damage = apraxia (motor), somatosensory agnosia, anosognosia
48
Gerstmann's syndrome
finger agnosia, R L confusion, graphic, acalculia
49
temporal lobe
auditory cortex and Wernicke's area encoding, retrieval, and storage of LT declarative memories
50
occipital lobe
visual cortex visual perception, recognition, and memory prosopagnosia - face blindness

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