developmental aspects of lung disease

Question 1

what are the stages of lung morphogenesis?

Answer 1

embryonic
pseudo glandular
canalicular
saccualr
alveolar

Question 2

does alveolar separation continues during postnatal lung growth?

Answer 2

yes

Question 3

what stages of lung development is organogenesis?

Answer 3

embryonic and pseudoglandular

Question 4

what stages of lung development is differentiation?

Answer 4

canalicular
saccular
alveolar

Question 5

what happens during organogenesis?

Answer 5

formation of major airways
formation of bronchial tree and portions of respiratory parenchyma
birth of acinus

Question 6

what happens during canalicular?

Answer 6

last generations of the lung periphery formed
epithelial differentiation
air-blood barrier formed

Question 7

what happens during saccular?

Answer 7

expansion of air spaces

surfactant detectable in amniotic fluid

Question 8

what happens during alveolar?

Answer 8

secondary seperation

Question 9

what is the acinus

Answer 9

resspiratory airways and alveoli

Question 10

when is the trachea and main bronchus formed?

Answer 10

4-7 gestation, embryonic stage

Question 11

when is the bronchi and bronchioli formed?

Answer 11

5-17 weeks of gestation

pseudoglandular

Question 12

when is the respiratory airways formed?

Answer 12

16-27 weeks of gestation

canalicular stage

Question 13

when is the alveoli formed?

Answer 13

28 weeks

sacular alveoli stage

Question 14

What are 3 embryonic congenital lung diseases?

Answer 14

tracheal, laryngeal stenosis
pulmonary agenesis
tracheo-oesophageal fistula

Question 15

What is tracheal, laryngeal stenosis

Answer 15

narrowing of the airway

Question 16

what is pulmonary agenesis

Answer 16

complete absence of the lung parenchyma, bronchus and lung vasculature.

Question 17

What is tracheo-oesophageal fistula

Answer 17

abnormal connection in one or more places between the esophagus and the trachea Normally, the esophagus and the trachea are two separate tubes that are not connected.

Question 18

what are common pseudo glandular congenital diseases?

Answer 18

pulmonary sequestration
cystadenomatoid malformation
cyst formation

Question 19

when does the diaphragm close

Answer 19

18 week

Question 20

what are diaphragmatic abnormalities

Answer 20

Diaphragmatic hernia

Question 21

what is eventration

Answer 21

protrusion of contents of the abdomen through a defect or weakness in the abdominal wall.

Question 22

what are the functional changes in lung at birth?

Answer 22

Change from fluid secretion to fluid absorption

Pulmonary vasodilatation

Question 23

which type of pneumocytes secrete surfactant?

Answer 23

type 2

Question 24

what is a neonatal lung disease?

Answer 24

Surfactant deficiency
Hyaline Membrane Disease (RDS)
Chronic neonatal lung disease (BPD, CLDP)

Question 25

whats the treatment of surfactant defiecency

Answer 25

``` Antenatal glucocorticoids Surfactant replacement Oxygen CPAP Mechanical ventilation ```

Question 26

what is the 3rd leading cause of death in the world

Answer 26

COPD

Question 27

what are the three growth and development of the lung?

Answer 27

morphogenesis surfactant system postnatal lung growth

Question 28

what are the abnormalities of growth and development of the lung

Answer 28

congenital lung disease | hyaline membrane disease

Question 29

how many lobes on the right lung?

Answer 29

3

Question 30

how many lobes on the left lung?

Answer 30

2

Question 31

why is it called pseudo glandular

Answer 31

all these cells are very metabloliclaly active

Question 32

when is uterine life possible?

Answer 32

canalicular level

Question 33

when does organogenesis occur?

Answer 33

4-16 weeks (embryonic and pseudo glandular)

Question 34

when does differentiation occur?

Answer 34

16-38 weeks | canicular, saccular and alveolar

Question 35

when would you see airway stenosis

Answer 35

early on in embryonic stage

Question 36

how does airway malacia happen

Answer 36

blood vssel that hasnt been formed properly

Question 37

does nronchogenic cyst happen earlier or later?

Answer 37

later

Question 38

how do you pick up presenting features?

Answer 38

``` fetal ultrasounds newborn- trachypnea resp distress childhood- stridor recurrent pneumonia incidentsl finding ```

Question 39

what are symptoms of tracheo-bronchomalacia

Answer 39

Barking/seal-like cough Early onset/recurrent “croup” Breathless on exertion Stridor/wheeze

Question 40

how do you manage tracheo-bronchomalacia

Answer 40

Airway clearance physiotherapy Antibiotics Avoid “asthma” treatment (especially bronchodilators)

Question 41

where does diaphragmatic hernia usually occur?

Answer 41

left more likely than right

Question 42

what is remodelling

Answer 42

alteration of structure following an external influence