Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

1st year systems > pulmonary blood flow, gas exchange, and transport > Flashcards

pulmonary blood flow, gas exchange, and transport Flashcards

1
Q

what are the two circulations that supply blood to the lungs?

A

bronchial circulation and pulmonary circulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is the bronchial circulation supplied by?

A

bronchial arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what circulation does bronchial arteries arise from?

A

systemic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

which circulation supplies oxygenated blood to the airway smooth muscle, nerves and lung tissue?

A

bronchial circulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what does the pulmonary circulation supply the blood to?

A

Supplies the dense capillary network surrounding the alveoli and returns oxygenated blood to the left atrium via the pulmonary vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what does the pulmonary circulation consist of?

A

consists of L & R pulmonary arteries originating from the right ventricle.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

is the rate of diffusion most rapid over shorter distances or longer?

A

short distances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

is rate of diffusion proportional to the partial pressure gradient?

A

yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

is rate of diffusion proportional to gas solubility?

A

yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

is rate of diffusion proportional to the available surface area?

A

yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

is rate of diffusion proportional to the thickness of the membrane?

A

no

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what does partial pressure in alveoli correspond to?

A

partial pressure in systemic arterial blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what does partial pressure in pulmonary arterial blood correspond to?

A

partial pressure at tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

where is PO2 highest?

A

alveoli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

where is PCO2 highest?

A

pulmonary arterial blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is the characteristics of the membrane in fibrotic lung disease? And what happens to the compliance

A

thick, slows gas exchange
loss of lung compliance may decrease alveolar ventilation
PO2 normal or low

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is the characteristics of the membrane in emphysema?

A

destruction of alveoli reduces surface area for gas exchange

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what are the characteristics of pulmonary edema?

A

fluid in interstitial space increases diffusion distance. Arterial Pco2 may be normal due to higher CO2 solubility in water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what are the characteristics of asthma?

A

increased airway resistance decreases airway ventilation
PO2 low
Bronchioles constricted

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is perfusion?

A

local blood flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is ventilation?

A

air getting to alveoli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

is ventialtion and perfusion matched?

A

yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

does blood flow and ventilation increase or decrease with height across the lung?

A

decrease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what happens to blood flow and ventilation at the base of the lungs?

A

blood flow is higher than ventilation because arterial pressure exceeds alveolar pressure. This compresses the alveoli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what happens to blood flow and ventilation at the apex of the lungs?

A

blood flow is low because arterial pressure is less than alveolar pressure. This compresses the arterioles.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

where does the majority of the mismatch in the lungs take place?

A

apex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what happens when ventilation decreases in a group of alveoli?

A

Pco2 increases and po2 decreases, blood passing those alveoli does not get oxygenated.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

how is bronchodilation caused?

A

increased PCO2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what is a shunt?

A

term used to describe the passage of blood through areas of lung that are poorly ventilated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what is the opposite of dead space

A

shunt

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

true or false:

alveolar dead space refers to alveoli that are ventilated but not perfused

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what does the anatomical dead space refer to?

A

refers to air that cant take part in gas exchange as walls are too thick

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

whats the physiological dead space?

A

alveolar dead space and anatomical dead space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

is pulmonary arterial pressure low?

A

yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

what are the advantages of having pulmonary low pressure?

A

more suspectible to effects of gravity and this gives rise to a great degree of variability in blood flow within the lung

36
Q

what transports oxygen from lungs to tissue?

A

blood

37
Q

is Arterial partial pressure of O2 (PaO2 ) the same as arterial O2 concentration/content?

A

no

38
Q

what is arterial pressure of o2 determined by?

A

by O2 solubility and the partial pressure of O2 in the gaseous phase that is driving O2 into solution.

39
Q

how much oxygen does each litre of systemic arterial blood contain?

A

200ml

40
Q

if the oxygen is not bound to haemoglobin what happens to it?

A

dissolved in the plasma

41
Q

how much oxygen is bound to each gram of haemoglobin?

A

1.34ml

42
Q

what determines the degree to which haemoglobin is saturated with oxygen?

A

partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood

43
Q

what two molecules have a higher affinity for oxygen than haemoglobin?

A

myoglobin and foetal haemoglobin

44
Q

what use is myglobin and HbF?

A

necessary for extracting o2 from maternal/arterial blood

45
Q

what is anaemia?

A

any condition where the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood is compromised

46
Q

what factors effect the haem-ox disssociation curve?

A

decreased by a decrease in pH, or and increase in PCO2, or temperature.

47
Q

does carbon monoxide have a higher affinity for haemoglobin than oxygen?

A

yes 250 times greater

48
Q

what are symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning

A

hypoxia and anaemia, nausea and headaches

49
Q

what are the fates of carbon dioxide in transport?

A

7% remains dissolved in plasma and erythrocytes

23% combines in the erythrocytes with deoxyhemoglobin to form carbamino compounds

70% combines in the erythrocytes with water to form carbonic acid, which then dissociates to yield bicarbonate and H+ ions. Most of the bicarbonate then moves out of the erythrocytes into the plasma in exchange for Cl- ions (chloride shift) & the excess H+ ions bind to deoxyhemoglobin

50
Q

why is pH normally stable?

A

all CO2 that is produced is eliminated in expired air.

51
Q

when will pH not be stable?

A

hypo/hyperventilation will alter plasma PCO2 and plasma H will vary

52
Q

will hypoventilation lead to increased or decreased H+

A

increased

53
Q

which type of ventilation causes acidosis?

A

hypoventilation

54
Q

which type of ventilation causes respiratory alkalosis

A

hyperventilation

55
Q

will hyperventilation lead to increased or decreased H+

A

decreased

56
Q

whats the normal systolic pressure

A

25mmHg

57
Q

in pulmonary circulation is the pressure low or high and is the flow low or high

A

high flow, low pressure

58
Q

learn slide 7/27 chart shell test in lecture 1

A

snake

59
Q

how much oxygen dissolves per litre of plasma?

A

3ml

60
Q

which molecule carries oxygen round the blood?

A

haemoglobin

61
Q

whats the solubility of oxygen in water?

A

0.03

62
Q

do gases travel in the gaseous phase in plasma?

A

no they travel in solution, if it was gas it there would be bubbles and this is fatal i.e., divers.

63
Q

what is the oxygen demand of resting tissues?

A

250ml

64
Q

what percentage of arterial oxygen is extracted by peripheral tissues at rest?

A

25%

65
Q

how many polypeptide chains does haemoglobin consist of/?

A

4

66
Q

what are the two types of chains in the haemoglobin polypeptides

A

2 alpha and 2 beta

67
Q

how many oxygen does haemoglobin bind?

A

4

68
Q

what are the different types of combination a haemoglobin can have?

A

92% haemoglobin in RBC is in the form HbA (below). Remaining 8% is made up of HbA2 (δ chains replace β), HbF (γ chains replace β), and glycosylated Hb (HbA1a, HbA1b, HbA1c)

69
Q

why can you lose 40 units of partial pressure of oxygen and only lose a very little amount of saturation?

A

60 mm Hg is enough for haemoglobin to have a high affinity for oxygen

70
Q

whats the saturation like belwo 60 mm Hg PO2?

A

steep decline

71
Q

where is deoxyhaemoglobin found?

A

venous blood

72
Q

where is haemoglobin found?

A

arterial blood

73
Q

what would happen to PaO2 in anaemia?

A

remain the same as its the amount of oxygen in plasma, doesnt have anything to do with rbc

74
Q

what happens to the affinity for oxygen if there is a decrease in pH?

A

decrease

75
Q

what happens to the affinity for oxygen if there is there is a decrease in PCO2?

A

increase

76
Q

what happens to the affinity for oxygen if there is a decrease in temperature?

A

increase

77
Q

what happens to the affinity for oxygen if 2,3-DPG is added?

A

decreases

78
Q

what are the four factors that affect % saturation of Hb?

A

pH
temp
2,3-DPG
Pco2

79
Q

why is carbon monoxide so dangerous?

A

binds to haem making deoxyhaemoglobin and then you cant get anymore oxygen

80
Q

how much carbon monoxide is needed to cause progressive carboxyhaemoglobin formation?

A

0.4 mmHg

81
Q

when you have carbon monoxide poisining, why do you still have normal respiration rate?

A

becuase you still have a normal arterial PCO2

82
Q

what is hypoxaemic hypoxia?

A

Reduction in O2 diffusion at lungs either due to decreased PO2atmos or tissue pathology.

83
Q

what is Anaemic Hypoxia

A

Reduction in O2 carrying capacity of blood due to anaemia (red blood cell loss/iron deficiency).

84
Q

what is Stagnant Hypoxia

A

Heart disease results in inefficient pumping of blood to lungs/around the body

85
Q

what is Histotoxic Hypoxia

A

poisoning prevents cells utilising oxygen delivered to them e.g. carbon monoxide/cyanide

86
Q

what is Metabolic Hypoxia

A

oxygen delivery to the tissues does not meet increased oxygen demand by cells.

1st year systems (74 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions