Developmental Biology

Question 1

a cell that has the potential to develop into any cell type is called

Answer 1

Totipotent cell

Question 2

a cell becomes committed to a particular cell fate

Answer 2

determination

Question 3

many kind of plants can be cloned from

Answer 3

isolated single cells

Question 4

what serves as the model for the genetic control of development

Answer 4

Drosophila

Question 5

what is responsible for the determination of dorsal-ventral axis, anterior-posterior axis

Answer 5

Egg polarity genes

Question 6

how many stages does the Drosophila go through before developing into an adult fly

Answer 6

3 larval stages and a pupa

Question 7

what stage does the Drosophila undergo metamorphosis

Answer 7

at the pupa

Question 8

what are the stages in the early development in Drospholia Embryo

Answer 8

a. single-celled diploid zygote
b. multinucleate syncytium
c. syncytial blastoderm
d. cellular blastoderm

Question 9

what is established at the 2-hour embryo mark

Answer 9

anterior-posterior and dorsal-ventral axes

Question 10

what is established at the 10 hours embryo mark

Answer 10

number and orientation of the body segments

Question 11

when is the identity of each individual segment

Answer 11

the adult stage

Question 12

what gene is responsible for determination of number and polarity of body segments

Answer 12

Segmentation genes

Question 13

what gene is responsible for establishment of identity of each segments

Answer 13

homeotic genes

Question 14

determination of anterior-posterior and dorsal-ventral axes of the embryo. is called

Answer 14

material origin

Question 15

what is the protein in which its concentration gradient affects the developmental fate of the surrounding region

Answer 15

morphogen

Question 16

what gene SPECIFICALLY determines the dorsal-ventral axis

Answer 16

dorsal gene

Question 17

what genes SPECIFICALLY determines the anterior-posterior axis

Answer 17

bicoid gene, nanos gene, hunchback gene

Question 18

what gene is responsible for anterior structures gene EXPRESSION, stimulates hunchback

Answer 18

bicoid in ovary

Question 19

what gene is responsible for posterior structures, inhibits translation of hunchback mRNA

Answer 19

nanos in ovary

Question 20

what gene regulates TRANSCRIPTION of genes responsible for anterior structures

Answer 20

hunchback

Question 21

what gene takes part in the development of mesodermal tissues

Answer 21

twist, expressed in embryo

Question 22

types of segmentation genes

Answer 22

homeotic genes in Drosophila
Homeobox genes in other organisms
Epigenetic changes in development

Question 23

what controls the differentiation of the embryo into individual segments

Answer 23

segmentation genes

Question 24

What broad region gap differentiation?

Answer 24

gap genes

Question 25

what affects alternate segments?

Answer 25

pair-rule genes

Question 26

what affects your development of individual segments?

Answer 26

segment-polarity gene

Question 27

what is the effect of gap gene mutation

Answer 27

delete group of adjacent segment

Question 28

what is the effect of pair-rule mutation

Answer 28

delete same part of pattern in every other segment

Question 29

what is the effect of segment-polaroity gene

Answer 29

affect polarity of segmnet, replacement

Question 30

example of gap gene

Answer 30

hunchback, kruppel, knirps, giant, tailles

Question 31

exmaple of pair-rule gene

Answer 31

runt, hairy, fushi tarazu, odd-paired, sloppy paired

Question 32

example of segment-polarity genes

Answer 32

engrailed, wingless, gooseberry,cunitus interruputs

Question 33

homeotic gene in Drosophilia affects

Answer 33

identity of segments

Question 34

homeobox genes in other organisms affects

Answer 34

genes encoding DNA-binding proteins, these protein usually play a regulatory rule

Question 35

which gene encodes transcription factors that help determine the identity of body regions

Answer 35

Hox genes

Question 36

what homeotic mutation substitutes legs for the antenna of a fruit fly

Answer 36

Anternnapedia

Question 37

what complexes are homeotic gene present in

Answer 37

2 complexes, antennapedia complex & bithorax complex

Question 38

Hox genes in drosophilia are similar to

Answer 38

mammals

Question 39

do genes control the development of flowers in plants YES/ FALSE

Answer 39

YES

Question 40

what did the flower produced by Arabidopsis thaliana produce

Answer 40

Four sepals, four white petals, six stamens, two carpels

Question 41

injured cells dying in an uncontrolled manner is called

Answer 41

necrosis

Question 42

is apoptosis and necrosis the same process

Answer 42

nope, they are distinct process

Question 43

describe apoptosis

Answer 43

1. DNA is degraded 2. Cytoplasm and nucleus shrink, nucleus fragments 3. Vesicles and the cell are engulfed by macrophage 4. macrophages phagocytizes apoptotic cell.

Question 44

describe necrosis

Answer 44

1. cell swells 2. cell lyses and releases cytoplasmic material

Question 45

expression of eyeless gene causes

Answer 45

development of an eye on the leg of a fruit fly

Question 46

what molecules elicit an immune reaction

Answer 46

antigen

Question 47

what protein that binds an antigen and marks it for destruction by phagocytic cells

Answer 47

antibody

Question 48

the production of antibodies by B cells is what type of immunity

Answer 48

humoral immunity

Question 49

what immunity depends on T cells

Answer 49

Cellular immunity

Question 50

what immunity gives primary response, memory cells, secondary response

Answer 50

clonal selection

Question 51

B cells and T cells found in

Answer 51

bone marrow, thymus

Question 52

descrube structure of immunoglobin molecule

Answer 52

four polypeptide (2 light chains and 2 heavy chains) combine to form a Y-shaped structure

Question 53

antibody diversity is produced by

Answer 53

somatic recombination

Question 54

why does a Tcell receptor have 2 polypeptide chains

Answer 54

because one tranverse the cell membrane and the other projects away form the cell and binds antigens