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Molecular Genetics Flashcards

(73 cards)

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1
Q

the use of molecular genetics revolution techniques to develop mew products is called

A

Biotechnology

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2
Q

a set of molecular techniques for locating, altering, recombining and studying specific pieces of DNA is called

A

Recombinant DNA

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3
Q

an example of restructuin enzymes

A

site-specific endonucleases

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4
Q

what method are designed to cleave DNA at predetermined sequences

A

Engineered nucleases

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5
Q

what is a facile method for ediiting genomes across the phylogenetic spectrum

A

CRISPR-Cas genome editing

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6
Q

locating DNA fragments can be done with

A

hybridization probes

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7
Q

what enzymes are responsible for recognizing and cutting DNA at specific nucleotide sequences

A

Restriction enzymes

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8
Q

what is the most useful class of restriction enzymes

A

Type II

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9
Q

Restriction enzymes are part of _________ restriction modification system which is a defense against viruses

A

bacterium

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10
Q

each restructuin enzyme is paired with which enzyme that methylates the recognition sequence

A

restriction methylase

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11
Q

function of methylation of recognition sequence

A

blocks cleavage by the restriction enzyme to protect the bacterium’s own DNA from being digested

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12
Q

what does the first 3 letters of the abbreviation for each restriction enzyme mean

A

refers to the bacterial species from whcih the enzyme was isolated (Eco for E.coli)

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13
Q

what does the 4th letter of the restriction enzyme refer to

A

the strain of bacteria from which the enzyme was isolated

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14
Q

what doe sthe roman numerals that follow the letters mean

A

identify different enzymes from the same spe cies

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15
Q

restriction sites thend to be how long and generally

A

about 4-8 bp long and generally palindromic

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16
Q

the ends of restruction enzymes produced by cleavage are of which types

A

Cohesive ends ( 5’ overhangs or 3’ overhangs)
Blunt ends

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17
Q

overhangs are associated with which end

A

cohesive ends

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18
Q

even length ends from both single strands are which end

A

blunt end

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19
Q

the enzyme BamHi is from which microorganism
A. Clostridium formicoaceticum
b. Haemophilus aegyprius
c. Bacillus amyloliquefaciens

A

c. Bacillus amyloliquefaciens

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20
Q

how do restriction enzymes producing blunt ends and cohesive ends in DNA

A

by making double stranded cuts

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21
Q

cohesive ends are also known as

A

sticky. ends or overhanging ends

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22
Q

the nicks in the sugar phosphate backbone of two fragments can be sealed by

A

ligase

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23
Q

is it possible to insert DNA into a complex genome at single predetermined site using convention restriction enzymes?

A

NO

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24
Q

CRISP-CAS immunity is in

A

bacteria and archae

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25
CRISP RNA are encoded by
Clustered Regularly Interspersed Short Palindromic Reoeats
26
A CSRISPR array is derived form
bacteriophage and plasmid genomes
27
______ combine with Cas protein to provide defense against invasion by specific foreign DNA molecules
CRSIPR RNAs
28
After expression and processing what happens to the foreign DNA
crRNA will join Cas to form an effector complex that binds to foreign DNA through base pairing
29
what makes the DNA nonfunctional after expression and processing
when the Cas protein cleaves to the foreign DNA
30
CRISPR-Cas 9 is a technique for ______
precisely editing the genome
31
advantages of CRISP-Cas 9
* can be used in intact cells * can be used in many species, including humans * relatively long sequence recog. by sg RNA (Edits can happen almost everywhere in genome * easier and less expensive than altering DNA binding protein * modified to introduce single cuts and sticky ends
32
having single-stranded cuts and sticky ends through crisp-cas 9 means
improves efficiency of inserting DNA fragments
33
Waht are some limitation and challenges of CRISPR-Cas 9
potential for off-target cleavage genetic mosaic may result when applied to multicellular embryos difficulty introducing the system into cells
34
is Cas9 100% EFFICIENT
NO, some cells are edited while others are not
35
Concerns with use of CRISPR-Cas 9 editing
* could be modifying humans in questionable ways * already been used on human embryos but they did not complete development * germ line editing allows traits to be passed down through generations * Safety concerns because of off target cuts * potential danger of editing animals and plants that are released into the wild
36
what method is used to seperate DNA molecules on the basis of their size
Gel electrophoresis
37
after gel electrophoresis, DNA fragments appear as
bands on the gel
38
which method can detect a single restriction fragment in a complex mixture of restriction fragment
Southern blotting
39
in southern blotting, what DNA fragment will give signal on an autoradiogram
the fragments hybridized to a labelled probe
40
what are the types of gel blots
1. SOuthern blots 2. Northern blots 3. Western blot
41
in which gel blot, is the DNA on the gel transferred to a filter then hybridized with a DNA or RNA probe
Southern blot
42
in which gel blot, is the RNA on the gel transferred to a filter then hybridized with a DNA or RNA probe
northern blot
43
in which gel blot is the protein on the gel transferred to a filter, an antibody is bused to detect a specific protein
Western blot
44
specified DNA fragments can be amplified through
PCR (Polymerase Chain reaction), molecular cloning
45
what is an application of PRC
real time PCR
46
the process of quantitavely detrmining the amount of DNA amplified as the reaction proceed is called
Real time PCR
47
What are the limitation of PCR
1. Sequence of the target DNA must be known2. 2. Amplification of contaminants 3. Accuracy 4. Length of the PCR products
48
in molecular cloning, how is a specific piece of DNA amplified
using a host cell
49
what were used to replicate the desired piece of DNA in the host cell
Cloning vectors
50
Examples of gene cloning
plasmid vectors transformation screening cells for recombinant plasmids other cloning vectors genetic engineering of plants for inset resistance
51
circular DNA molecules from bacteria are called
Plasmids
52
how is foreign DNA inserted into plasmid
using restriction enzymes and DNA ligase
53
what are synthetic DNA fragments containing restriction sites
linkers
54
what are used to confirm whether or not the cells have been transformed
Selectable markers
55
an ideal cloning vector must have
1. Origin of replication recognized in the host cell 2. Selctable marker 3. One or more unique restriction sites
56
pUC19 is an axmple of
cloning vector
57
what gene is used to screen for bacteria containing recombinant plasmids
LacZ gene
58
original plasmid (nonrecombinant) produces which enzyme
Beta-galactosidase which cleaves to X-gal,
59
what does the colonies of bacteria with a recombinant plasmid looks like
they remain white because recombinnat plasmid cannot synthesize Beta-galcatosidase
60
what causes colonies to turn blue
beta-galctosidase produces by original plasmid which cleaves to X-gal
61
examples of cloning vectors
phages cosmids Bacterial Artifical Chromosomes (BACs) Yeast Artifical Chromosomes Ti plasmids
62
to ensure transcription and translation, a foreign gene may be inserted into
an expression vector like E-coli
63
what contains operon sequences that allow inserted DNA to be translated and transcribed, and also sequences that regulate
expression vector
64
gene-encoding repressor in expression vector does what
bind O (operator and regulates P(bacterial promoter sequences)
65
What plasmid from Agrobacterium can be used to transfer genes into plants
Tiplasmid
66
what is a gram-positive bacterium that produces several substances toxic to insects
Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis)
67
Bt toxicity is specific to_______ and expressed in _____ to produce ______
insects, plants, insect resistant plants
68
most notable insecticidal chemicals in Bt are
crystalline protein (cry called DElta-endotoxins)
69
the Bt ttoxin gene was isolated from _____ and transferred to ____
bacteria, transferred to tobacco plants
70
Transgenic tobaccos expressing Bt is protected from damage by ____
tobacco hornworm larvae
71
DNA hybridization probes can be used to locate the
chromosomal or cellular location of a gene or its RNA product
72
what is cDNA
DNA copy of mRNA
73
how is cDNA made double stranded
DNA Polymerase

Genetics (20 decks)

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