exam 2 Bacterial and viral gentic system

Question 1

freely replicating plasmids are called

Answer 1

Episomes

Question 2

Describe bacterial genome

Answer 2

mostly single, circular DNA molecule/chromosomes

Question 3

these are extra chromosomes, small circular dna that sometimes integrate into genome

Answer 3

plasmids

Question 4

What are ways to transfer gene in Bacteria

Answer 4

COnjugation
Transformation
Transduction

Question 5

This direct transfer of DNA from one bacterium to another

Answer 5

Conjugation

Question 6

In this way, the bacterium takes up free DNA from the medium

Answer 6

Transformation

Question 7

This way, bacterial viruses take DNA from one bacterium to another

Answer 7

Transduction

Question 8

Is conjugation a reciprocal exchange of genetic information TRUE/FALSE

Answer 8

False

Question 9

sex pilus is a

Answer 9

connection tube

Question 10

F+ cells

Answer 10

donor cells containing F factor

Question 11

F- cells

Answer 11

recipient cells lacking F factor

Question 12

Antibiotic resistance comes from

Answer 12

the action of genes located on R plasmids.

Question 13

Is antibiotic resistance a natural gene transfer or artificial

Answer 13

natural gene

Question 14

Is the transfer of R plasmiods restricted to bacteria of the same or even related species

Answer 14

no, it is not

Question 15

which cell takes up DNA

Answer 15

Competent cells

Question 16

which cells that receive genetic material

Answer 16

transformants

Question 17

which cells that are transformed by two or more genes

Answer 17

cotransformed

Question 18

What is the name of the small infectious agent that only replicates INSIDE the living cell of another organism

Answer 18

Virus

Question 19

Describe the genome of Virus

Answer 19

can be dna or RNA, single or double strand

Question 20

What does it means for a virus to be sometimes enveloped

Answer 20

it means they are wrapped in a small piece of the host cells’ membrane

Question 21

How does transformation work

Answer 21

a bacterium takes up DNA from the medium

Question 22

How do virulent phages reproduce

Answer 22

through lytic cycle and always kills the host cells

Question 23

An example of bacterial infection virus?

Answer 23

bacteriophage

Question 24

Which phage phages DNA integrates into bacterial chromosome where it remains as inactive prophage?

Answer 24

Lysogenic phages

Question 25

Lysogenic phages are also known as

Answer 25

Temperate phages

Question 26

Lytic cycle process

Answer 26

1. The phage binds to the bacterium 2. The phage DNA enters the host cell 3. The host DNA is digested 4. Phage DNA replicates 5. The host cell transcribed and translates the phage, producing phage protein 6. Assemble of new phage is complete. A phage encoded enzyme causes cell to lyse

Question 27

Lysogenic cycle process

Answer 27

1. The phage binds to the bacterium 2. The phage DNA enters the host cell 3. The phage DNA integrates into the bacterial chromosomes and becomes a prophage 4. The prophage is replicated as part of the bacterial chromosome. This replication can continue through many cell divisions. 5. The prophage may separate from the chromosome and the cell will enter the lytic cycle.

Question 28

Which comes first lysogenic/ lytic cycle

Answer 28

lysogenic process then lytic cycke

Question 29

What are the steps in the CRISP-Cas immunity

Answer 29

1, Adaptation 2. Expression 3. Interference

Question 30

Does HIV retrovirus have a dormant phase

Answer 30

yes

Question 31

Characterictics of Retrovirus

Answer 31

1. RNA genome 2. Reverse transcriptase synthesizes DNA from RNA template 3. HIV is an example

Question 32

What phases does a herpes virus have

Answer 32

latent and lytic phases

Question 33

Describe process of infection in herpes virus

Answer 33

Double stranded DNA enveloped virus Infects epithelial cells, then associated sensory neurons Viral latent phase is in neurons where viral is episomal Varoety of factors reintiate lytic phase

Question 34

What type of strand is Influenza

Answer 34

Single stranded negative sense RNA genome

Question 35

Most cases of influenza A is divided into

Answer 35

hemagglutin (HA) and neuraminidase(NA)

Question 36

Mutation isn Influenxa can result in antigenic shift or antogenic drift

Answer 36

antigenic shift

Question 37

which replication is error prone

Answer 37

INfluenza

Question 38

What type of changes result in antigenic shift

Answer 38

big changes, more than one type of influenza virus infects a single cell producing hybrid virus.

Question 39

which animal harbor most viruses

Answer 39

Birds

Question 40

SWINE can be infected by?

Answer 40

bird and human strains

Question 41

Is there a reciprocal exchange of gene material in Conjugation

Answer 41

no, DNA is transferred only from donor to recipient

Question 42

Which type of continual change is new mutation continually introduced into the genome of each viral strain

Answer 42

antigenic drift

Question 43

Which type of change is major in which genetic material from different strains is combined in a process

Answer 43

Antigenic shift