Developmental process

Question 1

Time frames are approximate:

Answer 1

Individual variations are common
(-)Indicates reflexes which are typically integrated by the end of the current time period
(+) indicates reflexes which typically first appear during the current time period

Question 2

Birth to 3 months: Reflexes present

Answer 2

• Galant
• Stepping
• Root & suck
• Palmar grasp
• Moro/ Startle
• ATNR
• Positive support
• Plantar grasp
• Head righting

Question 3

Galant:

Answer 3

0-2 months normal response when held face down to move hips toward the stimulated side when the back is stroked along the spinal cord

Question 4

Stepping:

Answer 4

0-2 Months: elicited when the infant is held upright and inclined forward with the soles of the feet touching th flat surface

Question 5

Foot & Suck

Answer 5

Elicited in a normal infant by gently stroking the side of the mouth or cheek the infant will turn towards the stimulus

Question 6

Palmar grasp:

Answer 6

Flexion of the fingers through stimulation of the palm of the hand

Question 7

Moro/ Startle:

Answer 7

Sudden loss of support causes the arms to first abduct then adduct, the baby may cry

Question 8

ATNR:

Answer 8

Fencing reflex: jaw side extension, skull side flexion for UE & LE
Tonic Lavrinthine: with infant in supine position extending the head elicits the back to stiffen and arch, legs straighten/stiffen/close together, toes point. arms/elbows/wrists flex, hands fist with finger flexion

Question 9

Positive Support:

Answer 9

When weight is placed on the balls of feet when upright, legs and trunk stiffen into extension

Question 10

Plantar grasp:

Answer 10

Stroke the sole of foot and the toes will flex and invert slightly

Question 11

Head Righting:

Answer 11

aka: Labyrinthine righting reflex: corrects body orientation when taken out of normal upright position ( the head is out of position and when corrected the rest of the body follows) use of vestibular system

Question 12

Gross motor skills:

Answer 12

• Flexed posture dominates
• Independent movement of knees, ankles and toes
• Log roll

Question 13

Fine Motor skills

Answer 13

Firm grasp

Question 14

4 Months:

Answer 14

Reflexes present:

• (-) Palmar grasp: start to resolve
• Moro/ Startle
• ATNR: Tonic Labrinthine
• Positive support
• Plantar grasp
• Heat righting
• (+) Landau: infant is held in a horizontal prone position at the trunk, the body arches into extension and the head and limbs extend in response: superman

Question 15

5 Months:

Answer 15

Reflexes present:

• (-) Moro/Startle
• ATNR: Tonic Labrinthine
• Positive support
• Plantar grasp
• Head righting
• Landau
• (+) Equilibrium reactions in prone ( maintaining postural alignment in relationship to gravity and space)

Question 16

Gross motor skills: 5 months

Answer 16

• Antigravity neck flexion

- Prone on elbows and hands

Question 17

Fine motor skills: 5 months

Answer 17

Play with feet in supine

Question 18

6 Months:

Answer 18

Reflexes present:

• (-) ATNR Tonic Labrinthine
• Positive support
• Plantar grasp
• (+) STNR: neck flexion results in UE flexion and LE extension, neck extension results in UE extension and LE flexion
• Head righting-Landau
• Protective reactions: forward improves
• Equilibrium reactions in prone improve

Question 19

Gross motor skills: 6 Months

Answer 19

• Pivot in prone
• Reaching in prone
• Segmental rolling: upper body vs whole body: log roll

Question 20

Fine Motor skills:

Answer 20

• Voluntary palmar grasp

- Transfer object from hand to hand

Question 21

7 Months:

Answer 21

Reflexes present:

• (-) Positive support
• Plantar grasp
• STNR
• Head righting
• Landau
• Protective reactions: Lateral
• Equilibrium reactions in prone and (+) supine

Question 22

Gross motor skills: 7 Months

Answer 22

• Crawl on abdomen

- Sitting with one hand support

Question 23

Fine Motor skills: 7 Months

Answer 23

-Radial Palmar grasp

Question 24

8 Months:

Answer 24

Reflexes present:
-Plantar grasp
-STNR
-Head righting
-Landau
_Protective reactions: lateral improves
-Equilibrium reactions in prone, supine and (+) sitting

Question 25

Gross motor skills: 8 Months

Answer 25

- Sitting independently | - Upper trunk rotation during play

Question 26

Fine motor skills: 8 Months

Answer 26

-Voluntary release

Question 27

9 Months

Answer 27

Reflexes present: - (-) Plantar grasp - (-) STNR - Head righting - Landau - Protective reactions: backwards - Equilibrium reactions in prone, supine, sitting

Question 28

Gross motor skills : 9 months

Answer 28

- Pull to stand | - Creeping hands and knees

Question 29

Fine motor skills: 9 months

Answer 29

-Radial digital grasp

Question 30

10 Months

Answer 30

Reflexes present: - Head righting - Landau - Protective reactions: backwards improves - Equilibrium reactions in prone, supine, sitting and (+) quadruped

Question 31

Gross motor skills: 10 Months

Answer 31

-Cruising

Question 32

Fine Motor skills: 10 Months

Answer 32

-Inferior pincer grasp: thumb & side of index finger

Question 33

12 Months

Answer 33

Reflexes Present: - Head righting - Landau - Protective reactions: all planes - Equilibrium reactions in prone, supine, sitting and quadruped

Question 34

Gross motor skills: 12 months

Answer 34

Walking

Question 35

Fine motor skills: 12 months

Answer 35

- Three-jaw chuck: the pad of the thumb opposes against the index and middle finger for precision grasp - Superior pincer grasp: thumb & index finger tips - Release an object into a container