Motor Learning

Question 1

Motor Learning

Answer 1

A process used by the cortex to associate practice and experience to cause a change (relatively) in the ability to perform motor skills

• Performance
• Retention
• Adaptability

Question 2

Performance:

Answer 2

is used to measure unobservable changes in the CNS may be only temporary change.

Question 3

Retention

Answer 3

The ability to perform over time and with no practice between activities i.e. riding a bike.

Question 4

Adaptability

Answer 4

Refine a learned skill and utilize it in different environments i.e. transfer mat to wheelchair, now from wheelchair to car

Question 5

Theories of motor learning:

Answer 5

• Reference of correctness
• Schema theory
• Recall schema
• Recognition schema

Question 6

Reference of correctness:

Answer 6

Based on closed-loop theory, sensory feedback is combined with stored memory for error detection
-Does not explain open-loop control or learning that occurs without any sensory feedback.

Question 7

Schema theory:

Answer 7

Movement experiences that are stored in short term memory

• A way of organizing our movements into preconceived mental structures
• This reduces the need for effortful thought
• Initial conditions are stored into motor memory ( i.e.body position, weight of object, etc.) and are then divided into two types of schemata that con reproduce the organized memory.

Question 8

Recall schema

Answer 8

Select and define past parameters that have already been performed, the initial conditions they occurred in, and movement outcomes that resulted from the process

Question 9

Recognition Schema

Answer 9

evaluated past movements produced based on the relationship between initial conditions, movement outcomes, and sensory consequences produced our feeling, pain, joy, sadness, thrills, etc.
-Basically skills are learned through movement of our bodies over time, and the relationships developed from how our mm moved, what was done by them, and how the results made us feel all packaged into a mental structure for future recall in the form of automatic thought.

Question 10

Stages of motor learning:

Answer 10

• Cognitive stage
• Associative stage
• Autonomous stage

Question 11

Cognitive stage:

Answer 11

Develop an overall understanding of the skill

• Cognitive map: what to do
• Discard strategies that don’t work, keep the ones that do
• Frequent errors occur until reasonable success is achieved
• Improvement can be easily distinguished
• Vision plays a lg. role in learning and movement

Question 12

Associative Stage:

Answer 12

Refinement of skills during the middle stage

• Performance improves resulting in more consistency, fewer errors
• Cognitively: how to do
• Vision dependence decreases and the need for proprioception cues increases.

Question 13

Autonomous Stage:

Answer 13

Largely Automatic

• Cognitively: how to succeed
• Highly organized coordinated movements
• Learner can perform equally well in a predictable or unpredictable environments.