DIARRHEA

Question 1

Stool that weighs more than 200g per day with increase liquid and frequency of more than 3x a day

Answer 1

Diarrhea

Question 2

Classified according to severity, mechanism, duration, and stool characteristic

Answer 2

Diarrhea

Question 3

Diarrhea lasting ____ 4 weeks is defined as ____, and diarrhea persisting for ____ 4 weeks is termed ____ diarrhea

Answer 3

less than
acute
more than
chronic

Question 4

The major mechanisms of diarrhea are

Answer 4

secretory, osmotic, and intestinal hypermotility

Question 5

with osmolality gap of <50mosm/kg

Answer 5

Secretory Diarrhea

Question 6

caused by increased secretion of water and electrolytes, which override the reabsorptive ability of the large intestine

Answer 6

Secretory Diarrhea

Question 6

Causes of Secretory Diarrhea (10)

Answer 6

Viruses (e.g rotavirus), protozoa or bacteria, Colitis, Collagen vascular disease, hormones, endocrine disorder (Hyperthyroidism, Zollinger Ellison Syndrome, VIPoma), inflammatory bowel disease, and neoplasm

Question 7

with osmol gap of >50mosm/kg

Answer 7

Osmotic Diarrhea

Question 8

caused by poor absorption that exerts osmotic pressure across the intestinal mucosa

Answer 8

Osmotic Diarrhea

Question 9

Incomplete breakdown or reabsorption of food presents ____ fecal material to the large
intestine, resulting in water and electrolyte ____ in the large intestine (osmotic diarrhea), which in turn results in _____ watery stool

Answer 9

increased
retention
excessive

Question 10

Causes of Osmotic Diarrhea (8)

Answer 10

Maldigestion, Malabsorption, Lactose
intolerance, Amoebiasis, Antibiotics,
Magnesium-containing antacids, poorly absorbed sugars (lactose, sorbitol, mannitol), laxatives

Question 11

with osmol gap of >50mosm/kg

Answer 11

Altered Motility

Question 12

Altered motility describes conditions of ____ (hypermotility) or _____ (constipation)

Answer 12

enhanced motility
slow motility

Question 13

Both can be seen in ____, a functional disorder in which the nerves and muscles of the bowel are extra sensitive, causing cramping, bloating, flatus, diarrhea, and constipation.

Answer 13

irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)

Question 14

IBS can be triggered by

Answer 14

food, chemicals, emotional stress, and exercise.

Question 15

Causes of Altered Motility (5)

Answer 15

Gastric surgery (gastrectomy), Gastric
bypass, Post vagotomy, Duodenal ulcer, DM Zollinger Ellison

Question 16

Rapid gastric emptying (RGE) dumping syndrome describes ____ of the stomach and the ____, which causes the small intestine to fill too quickly with undigested food from the stomach.

Answer 16

hypermotility
shortened gastric emptying half-time

Question 17

It is the hallmark of Earl Dumping Syndrome (EDS)

Answer 17

Rapid gastric emptying (RGE)

Question 18

Healthy people have a gastric emptying halftime range of ____ minutes, which varies with ____ and ___

Answer 18

35 to 100
age and gender

Question 19

A gastric emptying time of _____ minutes is considered _____

Answer 19

less than 35 mins
RGE

Question 20

Osmotic gap
Osmotic Diarrhea:
Secretory Diarrhea:

Answer 20

Osmotic Diarrhea: >50 Osm/kg
Secretory Diarrhea: <50 Osm/kg

Question 21

Stool Na
Osmotic Diarrhea:
Secretory Diarrhea:

Answer 21

Osmotic Diarrhea: <60 mmol/L
Secretory Diarrhea: >90 mmol/L

Question 21

Stool output in 24 hours
Osmotic Diarrhea:
Secretory Diarrhea:

Answer 21

Osmotic Diarrhea: <200 g
Secretory Diarrhea: >200 g

Question 22

pH
Osmotic Diarrhea:
Secretory Diarrhea:

Answer 22

Osmotic Diarrhea: <5.3
Secretory Diarrhea: >5.6

Question 23

Reducing substances
Osmotic Diarrhea:
Secretory Diarrhea:

Answer 23

Osmotic Diarrhea: Positive
Secretory Diarrhea: Negative