Differential Leukocytes Flashcards
(115 cards)
1
Q
NUCLEUS composition of neutrophils
A
3 to 5 lobes separated by filaments
2
Q
CYTOPLASM color of neutrophils
A
Pink to tan with violet or lilac granules
3
Q
Most common WBC in normal peripheral blood
A
Neutrophils
4
Q
First phagocytes to reach infection sites
A
Neutrophils, followed by monocytes
5
Q
Neutrophil movement
A
Zigzag pattern, becomes straight line in presence of chemotactic attractant
6
Q
Progenitor shared by neutrophils and monocytes
A
GMP (Granulocyte monocyte progenitor)
7
Q
Major cytokine for neutrophil production
A
G-CSF (granulocyte colony stimulating factor)
8
Q
Neutrophil half-life in blood
A
Approximately 7 hours
9
Q
Major functions of neutrophils
A
1) Phagocytosis and destruction of foreign material, 2) Generation of NETs, 3) Secretory function (source of cytokines and transcobalamin I)
10
Q
NETs structure
A
Extracellular threadlike structures made of chains of nucleosomes from unfolded nuclear chromatin (DNA)
11
Q
NETs composition
A
Contain enzymes from neutrophil granules
12
Q
NETs function
A
Trap and kill gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, as well as fungi
13
Q
NETs production timing
A
Produced when neutrophils die as a result of antibacterial activity
14
Q
Unique form of neutrophil cell death that results in the release of NETs
A
NETosis
15
Q
Order of formation of neutrophil granules
A
Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, Secretory
16
Q
Order of degranulation of neutrophil granules
A
Secretory, Tertiary, Secondary, Primary
17
Q
Size of neutrophil granules (largest to smallest)
A
Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, Secretory
18
Q
Primary (Azyrophilic) Granules contents
A
Myeloperoxidase (MPO), Acid β-glycerophosphatase, Lysozyme, Cathepsins, Defensins, Elastase, Proteinase-3
19
Q
Primary (Azyrophilic) Granules formation stage
A
Promyelocyte stage
20
Q
Primary (Azyrophilic) Granules release order
A
Last to be released (exocytosis)
21
Q
Myeloperoxidase function
A
Bactericidal, fungicidal, and viricidal properties
22
Q
Myeloperoxidase detection method
A
Flow cytometry and cytochemical staining
23
Q
Lysozyme function
A
Antimicrobial enzyme (muramidase)
24
Q
Secondary (Specific) Granules contents
A
β2-microglobulin, Collagenase, Gelatinase, Lactoferrin, Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, Transcobalamin I, Lysozyme
25
Secondary (Specific) Granules formation stage
Myelocyte and metamyelocyte stages
26
Secondary (Specific) Granules release order
Third to be released
27
Lactoferrin function
Iron-binding protein, competes with bacteria for iron
28
Tertiary (Gelatinase) Granules contents
Gelatinase, Collagenase, Lysozyme, Acetyltransferase, β2-microglobulin
29
Tertiary (Gelatinase) Granules formation stage
Metamyelocyte and band stages
30
Tertiary (Gelatinase) Granules release order
Second to be released
31
Secretory Granules contents
CD11b/CD18, Vesicle-associated membrane-2, CD10, CD13, CD14, CD16, Cytochrome b558, Complement 1q receptor, Alkaline phosphatase, Complement receptor-1
32
Secretory Granules formation stage
Band and segmented neutrophil stages
33
Secretory Granules release order
First to be released (fuse to plasma membrane)
34
Alkaline phosphatase activity in WBCs
Only neutrophils have alkaline phosphatase activity
35
CD11b/CD18 function in neutrophils
Contributes to tight stationary binding between neutrophils and endothelial cells
36
Neutrophil pools in the bone marrow
Stem cell pool, Mitotic (Proliferation) pool, Storage (Maturation) pool
37
Mitotic (Proliferation) pool components
CMP (CFU-GEMMs), GMP, Myeloblast, Promyelocyte, Myelocyte (last mitotic stage)
38
Storage (Maturation) pool components
Metamyelocyte, Band, Segmented neutrophils
39
Hematopoietic stem cell marker
CD34
40
Peripheral blood neutrophil pools and their ratio
Circulating Neutrophil Pool (CNP) and Marginal Neutrophil Pool (MNP), 50:50 ratio
41
Location of Circulating Neutrophil Pool (CNP)
Found in plasma
42
Location of Marginal Neutrophil Pool (MNP)
Found adhering to blood vessels
43
Nucleus characteristics of eosinophils
Dark purple, usually has two lobes
44
Cytoplasm characteristics of eosinophils
Filled with large, spherical granules of uniform size that stain bright orange
45
Most specific cytokine for eosinophil lineage
IL-5
46
Functions of IL-5 in eosinophil lineage
Promotes terminal maturation, functional activation, and prevention of apoptosis
47
Normal tissue destinations of eosinophils
Underlying columnar epithelial surfaces in respiratory, gastrointestinal, and genitourinary tracts
48
Hallmark condition associated with eosinophilia
Allergic disorders
49
Eosinophil's role in helminthic infections
Secretes MBP, eosinophil cationic protein, and produces reactive oxygen species to destroy tissue-invading helminths
50
Eosinophil regulation of mast cells
Releases MBP to cause mast cell degranulation and cytokine production
51
Additional function of eosinophils in mast cell regulation
Produces nerve growth factor to promote mast cell survival and activation
52
Circulating half-life of eosinophils
Approximately 18 hours
53
Survival time of eosinophils in human tissues
2 to 5 days
54
Primary granules of eosinophils are formed during which stage?
Promyelocyte stage
55
Primary granules of eosinophils contain what key protein?
Charcot-Leyden crystal protein
56
Secondary granules of eosinophils are formed during which period?
Throughout remaining maturation
57
Core content of secondary eosinophil granules includes?
Major basic protein, Interleukins 2, 4, and 5, Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor
58
Matrix content of secondary eosinophil granules includes?
Eosinophil cationic protein, Eosinophil-derived neurotoxin, Eosinophil peroxidase, Lysozyme, Catalase, Interleukin-6
59
Key functions of Charcot-Leyden crystal protein
Disintegration product of eosinophils
60
Appearance of Charcot-Leyden crystals under Hematoxylin stain
Black
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Appearance of Charcot-Leyden crystals under Eosin stain
Red
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Appearance of Charcot-Leyden crystals under Trichrome stain
Purplish red
63
Small lysosomal granules of eosinophils contain?
Acid phosphatase, Arylsulfatase B, Catalase, Cytochrome b558, Elastase, Eosinophil cationic protein
64
Lipid bodies in eosinophils contain enzymes like?
Cyclooxygenase, 5-Lipoxygenase, 15-Lipoxygenase, Leukotriene C4 synthase, Eosinophil peroxidase, Esterase
65
Function of storage (secretory) vesicles in eosinophils
Carry proteins from secondary granules to be released into the extracellular medium
66
Methods of eosinophil degranulation
1) Classical exocytosis, 2) Compound exocytosis, 3) Piecemeal degranulation, 4) Cytolysis
67
Granules fuse with the membrane and release contents
Classical exocytosis
68
Granules join together, then fuse with the membrane
Compound exocytosis
69
Vesicles take proteins from granules and release them
Piecemeal degranulation
70
Granules are released when the cell bursts
Cytolysis
71
Appearance of basophil nucleus
Difficult to observe due to overlying granules; generally unsegmented or bilobed
72
Appearance of basophil cytoplasm
Densely stained with dark violet to purple-black granules; variable in size and unevenly distributed
73
Contents of basophil granules
Histamine, Interleukin-4, Interleukin-13, Chondroitin sulfates (e.g., heparin)
74
Function of Toluidine blue stain
Binds acid mucopolysaccharides to form metachromatic complexes (e.g., reddish-violet granules in basophils and mast cells)
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Metachromasia
Reaction product color different from the dye itself (e.g., reddish-violet granules with toluidine blue)
76
Fixative used before toluidine blue stain
Mota’s fixative
77
Value of toluidine blue stain
Identifies basophils and mast cells, especially neoplastic forms with reduced granules
78
Surface receptors on basophils
IgE receptors that trigger granule release upon cross-linking by antigen
79
Basophil-induced antibody synthesis
Induce B cells to synthesize IgE
80
Role of basophils in parasitic infections
Promote eosinophilia and aid worm expulsion
81
Least common WBC in peripheral blood
Basophils
82
Life span of basophils
60 hours
83
Mast cells vs basophils
Mast cells are connective tissue cells with basophilic granules (e.g., heparin, histamine) and are not leukocytes
84
Substances released by mast cells
Heparin, serotonin, bradykinin, histamine (in response to IgE stimulation)
85
Monocyte nucleus shape
Round, horse-shoe shaped or lobulated, with folding or convolutions
86
Monocyte chromatin appearance
Lace-like or stringy
87
Presence of nuclear vacuoles in monocytes
May be present
88
Monocyte cytoplasm appearance
Abundant, blue-gray with fine, indistinct granules (azure dust), ground-glass appearance
89
Features in monocyte cytoplasm
Small pseudopods or blebs, cytoplasmic vacuoles may be present
90
Monocyte size comparison
Largest cell in normal blood, about 2 to 3 times the diameter of an RBC
91
Monocyte identification stain
Strong positive reaction with nonspecific esterase stain
92
Enzymes used in nonspecific esterase stain
Alpha-naphthyl acetate and butyrate esterase
93
Sodium fluoride effect on monocytic enzyme
Inhibits enzyme activity of monocytic origin
94
Sodium fluoride effect on granulocytic or lymphocytic enzyme
No inhibition occurs
95
Monocyte enzyme present
Rich in muramidase
96
Promonocyte division under normal conditions
2 mitotic divisions to produce 4 monocytes in 60 hours
97
Promonocyte division under increased demand
4 divisions to produce 16 monocytes in 60 hours
98
Monocyte pools in peripheral blood
Marginal pool (3.5x the circulating pool) and circulating pool
99
Monocyte circulation time
Approximately 3 days
100
Characteristics of lymphocyte nucleus
Deep purple, round, oval, or indented with visible nucleoli
101
Typical color of lymphocyte cytoplasm
Sky-blue or 'Robin egg' blue
102
Sources of lymphocytes
Bone marrow, thymus, lymphatic system
103
Types of lymphocytes
T cells, B cells, Natural Killer (NK) cells
104
T & B cells immunity type
Adaptive immunity
105
NK cells immunity type
Innate immunity
106
Physiological characteristic 1 of lymphocytes
Predestined to migrate
107
Physiological characteristic 2 of lymphocytes
A heterogeneous group of cells
108
Physiological characteristic 3 of lymphocytes
Not an obligate end cell
109
Obligate end cell definition
A mature cell committed to perform a function, then dies (e.g., neutrophil)
110
Variant lymphocyte appearance
Nucleus: Dense to pale and immature-looking; Cytoplasm: Deeply basophilic to pale blue and abundant
111
Variant lymphocytes seen in
Nonmalignant reactive disorders
112
Synonyms for variant lymphocytes
Reactive lymphocytes, atypical lymphocytes, virocytes, stress lymphocytes, Downey cells, transformed lymphocytes, transitional lymphocytes, glandular fever cells
113
Type I variant lymphocyte
aka Turk's Irritation Cell or Plasmacytoid Lymphocyte, seen in German Measles
114
Type II variant lymphocyte
aka Infectious Mononucleosis Cell, seen in Infectious Mononucleosis, characterized by flared skirt/fried egg appearance
115
Type III variant lymphocyte
Finely reticulated nuclear pattern
