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HEMATOLOGY 1 > WBCs > Flashcards

WBCs Flashcards

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1
Q

Nucleated cells that function in body defense

A

WBCs (White Blood Cells)

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2
Q

Reference range for adult WBC count

A

4.5 to 11.0 X 10⁹/L (SI) [or 4,500 to 11,000 /mm³ (conventional)]

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3
Q

Reference range for newborn WBC count

A

13.5 to 38.0 X 10⁹/L (SI) [or 13,500 to 38,000 /mm³ (conventional)]

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4
Q

Predominant WBC in adults

A

Neutrophils

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5
Q

Predominant WBC in children <4 years

A

Lymphocytes

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6
Q

Most valuable and reliable criterion for WBC maturity

A

Nuclear chromatic pattern

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7
Q

Granulocytes classification

A

Basophils, Eosinophils, Neutrophils

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8
Q

Agranulocytes classification

A

Lymphocytes, Monocytes

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9
Q

Polymorphonuclear WBCs

A

Basophils, Eosinophils, Neutrophils

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10
Q

Mononuclear WBCs

A

Lymphocytes, Monocytes

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11
Q

Phagocytic WBCs

A

Basophils, Eosinophils, Neutrophils, Monocytes

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12
Q

Immunocytes classification

A

Lymphocytes (B and T cells)

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13
Q

Granulocytic series maturation

A

Nuclear chromatin condenses, nucleoli disappear, cytoplasm becomes less basophilic, specific granules appear

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14
Q

Granulocytic series nuclear changes during maturation

A

Nucleus indents and becomes segmented, overall cell size decreases (except promyelocyte)

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15
Q

Size and characteristics of myeloblasts

A

14 to 20 μm, earliest recognizable granulocytic precursor, 0 to 3% of nucleated cells in bone marrow

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16
Q

Type I myeloblasts characteristics

A

Nucleus occupies most of the cell, very little cytoplasm, slightly basophilic cytoplasm, fine nuclear chromatin, 2-4 visible nucleoli, no visible granules

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17
Q

Type II myeloblasts characteristics

A

Dispersed primary (azurophilic) granules in cytoplasm (≤20 granules per cell)

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18
Q

Type III myeloblasts characteristics

A

Darker chromatin, more purple cytoplasm, >20 granules that do not obscure the nucleus, rare in normal bone marrow, seen in acute myeloid leukemias

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19
Q

Size and characteristics of promyelocyte

A

16 to 25 μm, 1 to 5% of nucleated cells in bone marrow, larger than myeloblast, round to oval nucleus, often eccentric

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20
Q

Hof in promyelocyte

A

Hollow in cytoplasm where nucleus lodges, present in normal promyelocytes, absent in malignant promyelocytes of acute promyelocytic leukemia

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21
Q

Cytoplasm characteristics of promyelocyte

A

Evenly basophilic, filled with primary (azurophilic/nonspecific) granules

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22
Q

Nucleoli in promyelocyte

A

1 to 3 nucleoli, may be obscured by granules

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23
Q

Synthesis of primary granules begins in which cell?

A

Promyelocyte (TYPE II MYELOBLAST - BEST ANSWER)

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24
Q

Last stage of granulocyte maturation capable of mitosis

A

Myelocyte

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25
Synthesis of secondary (specific) granules occurs in which stage?
Myelocyte
26
Early myelocyte appearance
Patches of grainy pale pink cytoplasm representing secondary granules in Golgi area (Dawn of Neutrophil)
27
Late myelocyte appearance
Smaller than promyelocytes, nucleus with more heterochromatin, nucleoli difficult to see
28
Stage after myelocyte
first stage of nuclear indentation
29
Characteristic appearance of metamyelocyte nucleus
Peanut or kidney bean shape with indentation <1/2 of nuclear width
30
Synthesis of tertiary granules (gelatinase granules) begins in which stage?
Metamyelocyte
31
Stage after metamyelocyte
first appearance in peripheral blood
32
Appearance of band cell nucleus
Elongated, curved, or sausage-shaped with rounded ends
33
Difference between band cell and segmented neutrophil
Filaments NOT present in band cells
34
Recommendation for reporting bands in peripheral blood
Include in neutrophil counts, not separate category
35
Increase in neutrophil level in the blood
Neutrophilia
36
Conditions associated with neutrophilia
Bacterial infections, appendicitis, rheumatoid arthritis, pancreatitis, colitis, MI, severe hemolysis, trauma, parasites, lithium, chemicals, drugs, myelogenous leukemia, venoms, actinomyces fungi
37
Cause of physiologic neutrophilia (Pseudoneutrophilia)
Shift of marginated cells to the circulatory pool (exercise, temp changes, nausea, pregnancy, stress)
38
Decrease in neutrophil level in the blood
Neutropenia
39
Conditions associated with neutropenia
Overwhelming infections, splenomegaly, hemodialysis, copper deficiency, alcoholism, babies born to hypertensive mothers, chemical toxicity, marrow replacement, nutritional deficiencies, cytotoxic drugs
40
Extreme neutropenia (Agranulocytosis) neutrophil count
<0.5 x 10^9/L
41
Drugs associated with agranulocytosis (extreme neutropenia)
Amidopyrine, cephalosporin
42
Increased level of eosinophils in the blood
Eosinophilia
43
Conditions associated with eosinophilia
Asthma, hay fever, psoriasis, eczema, scarlet fever, eosinophilic leukemia, parasitic infections
44
Moderate to severe eosinophilia is most commonly associated with
Helminthic infections (parasitic worms including nematodes, trematodes, cestodes)
45
Decreased level of eosinophils in the blood
Eosinopenia
46
Conditions associated with eosinopenia
ACTH administration, autoimmune disorders, steroid therapy, stress, sepsis, acute inflammatory states
47
Parasitic infection with highest eosinophil count
Trichinosis (T. spiralis)
48
Increased basophil count in the blood is called
Basophilia
49
Conditions associated with basophilia
Immediate hypersensitivity reactions, hypothyroidism, ulcerative colitis, estrogen therapy
50
Decreased basophil count in the blood is called
Basopenia
51
Conditions associated with basopenia
Acute infections, stress, hyperthyroidism, increased glucocorticoids, chronic urticaria
52
Stage of neutrophil maturation
Myeloblast, Promyelocyte, Myelocyte, Metamyelocyte, Band, Segmented
53
N:C ratio in Myeloblast
0.16736111111111107
54
N:C ratio in Promyelocyte
0.12569444444444455
55
N:C ratio in Myelocyte
2:1 to 1:1
56
N:C ratio in Metamyelocyte
0.04236111111111107
57
N:C ratio in Band
0.04236111111111107
58
N:C ratio in Segmented
0.04236111111111107
59
Nuclear chromatin in Myeloblast
Reticular
60
Nuclear chromatin in Promyelocyte
Smooth
61
Nuclear chromatin in Myelocyte
Slightly clumped
62
Nuclear chromatin in Metamyelocyte
Clumped
63
Nuclear chromatin in Band
Very clumped
64
Nuclear chromatin in Segmented
Densely packed
65
Cytoplasm amount in Myeloblast
Scanty
66
Cytoplasm amount in Promyelocyte
Slightly increased
67
Cytoplasm amount in Myelocyte
Moderate
68
Cytoplasm amount in Metamyelocyte
Moderate
69
Cytoplasm amount in Band
Abundant
70
Cytoplasm amount in Segmented
Abundant
71
Cytoplasm color in Myeloblast
Medium blue
72
Cytoplasm color in Promyelocyte
Moderate blue
73
Cytoplasm color in Myelocyte
Blue-pink
74
Cytoplasm color in Metamyelocyte
Pink
75
Cytoplasm color in Band
Pink
76
Cytoplasm color in Segmented
Pink
77
Stage in Lymphocytic series
Lymphoblast, Prolymphocyte, Mature Lymphocyte
78
Size of Lymphoblast
15 to 20 μm
79
Size of Prolymphocyte
15 to 18 μm
80
Size of Small Mature Lymphocyte
6 to 9 μm
81
Size of Large Mature Lymphocyte
17 to 20 μm
82
N:C ratio in Lymphoblast
0.16736111111111107
83
N:C ratio in Prolymphocyte
4:1 to 3:1
84
N:C ratio in Small Mature Lymphocyte
4:1 to 3:1
85
N:C ratio in Large Mature Lymphocyte
0.08402777777777781
86
Small lymphocyte characteristics
Predominant type in normal adult blood, composed mostly of nucleus, scanty cytoplasm
87
Increased level of lymphocytes in blood
Lymphocytosis
88
Decreased level of lymphocytes in blood
Lymphopenia/Lymphocytopenia
89
Conditions associated with lymphocytosis
Infectious mononucleosis, Infectious lymphocytosis, Cytomegalovirus infection, Acute viral hepatitis, Bordetella pertussis infection, Brucellosis, Toxoplasmosis, Acute HIV infection
90
Conditions associated with lymphocytopenia
Aplastic anemia, AIDS, SARS, Ethanol abuse, Zinc deficiency
91
Plasma cells (10 to 28 µm)
Final maturation stage of B lymphocytes
92
Plasma cell nucleus characteristics
Small, oval, and eccentric; tortoise shell, cartwheel, or clock face appearance
93
Plasma cell cytoplasm characteristics
Dark blue, sea blue, or cornflower in color; may contain Russel bodies with immunoglobulins
94
Most common malignant disease of plasma cells
Plasma cell myeloma (multiple myeloma)
95
Monocytic series stages
Monoblast, Promonocyte, Mature Monocyte
96
Monoblast size
12 to 20 µm
97
Promonocyte size
12 to 20 µm
98
Mature Monocyte size
12 to 18 µm
99
Monoblast N:C ratio
0.16736111111111107
100
Promonocyte N:C ratio
3:1 to 2:1
101
Mature Monocyte N:C ratio
2:1 to 1:1
102
Monocyte characteristics
Slightly immature cell (immature macrophage)
103
Increased (↑) level in blood
Monocytosis
104
Decreased (↓) level in blood
Monocytopenia
105
Associated conditions of monocytosis
Tuberculosis, Subacute Bacterial Endocarditis, Syphilis, Protozoal and rickettsial infections (malaria, typhus), Brucellosis, Typhoid, Gaucher disease, Hodgkin’s disease, Collagen vascular diseases (lupus erythematosus), Gastrointestinal disease, Surgical trauma
106
Associated condition of monocytopenia
Aplastic anemia, Overwhelming infections in immunocompromised patients, Hemodialysis, Epstein-Barr virus infection, Steroid therapy
107
Passing through blood to tissues
Diapedesis
108
Macrophages
Size: 40 to 50 μm
109
Macrophages origin
Derived from monocytes found in tissues
110
Macrophages functions
Phagocytosis, Synthesize nitric oxide (cytotoxic against viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, helminths, tumor cells), Release interleukin 1 (stimulates T lymphocytes), Produce transcobalamin II (primary transport factor for vitamin B12)
111
Transcobalamin II function
Vitamin B12 transport in the blood, binds vitamin B12 after it is liberated from intrinsic factor in the enterocyte
112
Vitamin B12 plasma binding
10 to 30% of vitamin B12 bound to transcobalamin II (holoTC), 75% bound to transcobalamin I and III (haptocorrins)
113
Active form of Vitamin B12
Holotranscobalamin (holoTC), the metabolically active form
114
Liver
Kupffer cells
115
Lungs
Alveolar macrophages (Dust cells)
116
Kidneys
Renal macrophages (Mesangial cells)
117
Brain
Microglial cells
118
Skin
Langerhans cells (different from pancreatic Islet of Langerhans)
119
Spleen
Splenic macrophages (Littoral cells)
120
Intestines
Intestinal macrophages
121
Peritoneum
Peritoneal macrophages
122
Synovial tissue
Type A cells
123
Reproductive organs
Reproductive organ macrophages
124
Bone
Osteoclast
125
Placenta
Hoffbauer cells
126
Lymph nodes
Dendritic cells

HEMATOLOGY 1 (29 decks)

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