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Human Physiology 2234 > Digestion > Flashcards

Digestion Flashcards

1
Q

What are the primary functions of the digestive tract?

A

Digestion of consumed foods

Absorption of nutrients produced by digestion

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2
Q

Digestion

A

hydrolysis reactions that break ingested polymers (large molecules) into their smaller subunits (monomers)

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3
Q

Absorption

A

transfer of monomer subunits across wall of small intestine into blood or lymph

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4
Q

Motility

A

movement of food through tract includes ingestion, mastication, deglutition, and peristalsis

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5
Q

Peristalsis

A

(rhythmic contractions along GI tract that propel food)

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6
Q

Deglutition

A

Swallowing

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7
Q

Mastication

A

(chewing food and mixing with saliva)

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8
Q

Secretion (Endocrine)

A

(secretion of hormones that regulate digestive process)

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9
Q

Additional Functions of the Digestive Tract

A

Motility
Secretion
Storage and Elimination

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10
Q

Sections of the Small Intestine

A

Duodenum
Jejunum
ileum

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11
Q

Length of the Duodenum

A

12 inches (1 foot)

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12
Q

Sections of the Large Intestine

A

Colon
Cecum
Rectum

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13
Q

Organs of the GI Tract

A 
Oral (Buccal Cavity)
Esophagus
Stomach
Small Intestine
Large Intestine
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14
Q

Accessory organs of the GI Tract

A

Teeth, Toungue, Salivary Glands
Liver and Gall Bladder
Pancreas

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15
Q

What are the two nerve nets (Plexuses)

A

Submucosa

Myenteric

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16
Q

What are the two nerve nets (Plexuses)

A

Submucosa

Myenteric

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17
Q

The activity of the Plexuses can be modified by

A

central nervous system and the autonomic nervous system

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18
Q

Neural Regulation of the GI Tract is done by

A

The Autonomic Nervous System

Both Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Innervation

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19
Q

Parasympathetic regulation of the GI Tract is done by

A

vagus nerve and spinal nerves in sacral region (to lower portion of large intestine)

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20
Q

What does the parasympathetic regulation of the GI Tract do?

A

Stimulates motility and secretion; favors digestion

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21
Q

Sympathetic regulation of the GI Tract

A

Reduces motility and secretory activity and stimulates sphincter contraction

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22
Q

What are the sphincters in the digestive system?

A 
Oral Sphincter
Cardiac Sphincter
Pyloric Sphincter
Ileocecal Sphincter
Anal Sphincter
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23
Q

What are the sphincters in the digestive system?

A 
Oral
Cardiac
Pyloric
Ileocecal
Anal
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24
Q

Function of teeth in the GI Tract

A

increases surface area upon which digestive enzymes work

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25
Salivary Glands' function in the GI Tract
secrete saliva lubricates and softens food; aids in swallowing contains salivary amylase
26
Salivary Amylase breaks down what macromolecules
Starches/Polysaccharides
27
Salivary Amylase breaks down what macromolecules
Starches/Polysaccharides
28
What are the three salivary glands
parotid, submaxillary, sublingual
29
What is the Parasympathetic system's role in salivary secretion?
Stimulates secretion
30
What is the sympathetic NS' role in Salivary Secretion?
Inhibits secretion (dry mouth when nervous)
31
Anticipation of food's role in salivary secretion
(sight, smell, taste, or thought of food can trigger nervous system) and trigger salivary secretion
32
the physical presence of food in the mouth
induces salivary secretion
33
When Salivary Amylase breaks down starch, it is converted into
Maltose Malitrose Short Branched Oligosaccharides
34
Maltose Structure
glucose-Glucose
35
Malitrose Structure
Glucose-Glucose-Glucose
36
What sugars does Salivary Amylase not work on?
Sucrose | Lactose
37
Sucrose Structure
Glucose-Fructose (Table Sugar) | Glucose-Galactose (Milk Sugar)
38
Pharynx
Throat
39
Epiglottis
Flap that covers the trachea when ingesting food and drinks to ensure it gets to the esophagus
40
Esophagus
Involuntary contractions and relaxations propel food from pharynx to stomach
41
Stomach Function
Temporary storage of ingested material Sphincters prevent backward flow of materials into esophagus and regulate release of stomach contents into small intestine
42
Stomach Function
Mechanical and chemical breakdown of ingested material | Churning of stomach mechanically disrupts foods
43
What active hormones in the stomach chemically break down foods?
Pepsin and HCl
44
How are stomach contents sterilized?
By the acid present
45
Where is protein digestion initiated?
In the stomach
46
What are the two types of mucous secreted in the stomach?
Soluble Form | Insoluble form
47
Soluble stomach mucous
mixes with other stomach juices
48
Insoluble Stomach Mucous
forms protective gel-like barrier over cells that line the stomach
49
Function of Insoluble Stomach Mucous
Traps dead cells | Traps bicarbonate ions (HCO3-)
50
Goblet Cells
Mucous-Producing cells in the stomach
51
Parietal Cells
Secrete Hydrochloric Acid
52
How are Parietal Cells stimulated to secrete HCl
Gastrin stimulates it
53
Chief Cells
Secrete Pepsinogen
54
Pepsinogen
Inactive Pepsin Hormone
55
How is Pepsinogen converted into pepsin
Acidic pH converts Pepsinogen into Pepsin
56
What is the function of Pepsin
Breaks down large proteins into smaller peptides
57
G Cells
Secrete Gastrin
58
Target Tissues of Gastrin
chief cells and parietal cells in stomach
59
Function of Gastrin
Stimulate Gastric Juice Production - HCl from parietal Cells - Pepsinogen from chief cells
60
What increases the pH of the stomach?
Gastrin | Promotes conversion of Pepsinogen to Pepsin
61
Parasympathetic Regulation of Gastrin Secretion
Stimulates secretion
62
How is gastrin secretion regulated by the contents in the stomach?
Stimulated by presence of proteins and especially the presence of certain amino acids (phenylalanine and tryptophan)
63
How does a very acidic pH affect Gastrin secretion?
Secretion inhibited when pH = 3
64
D Cells
Secrete Somatostatin | Shut down Gastrin secretion
65
What is the pH of the stomach when empty
2
66
What is the pH of the stomach when full?
6
67
The Presence of proteins and polypeptides in the stomach functions as
a Buffer to somewhat neutralize pH
68
True or False: The stomach is constantly secreting acid
False: The Stomach doesn’t produce acid unless it needs to
69
Cephalic phase of Gastric Secretion
stimuli come from central nervous system (triggered by thought, smell, sight, taste of food)
70
Gastric Phase of Gastric Secretion
primarily local stimuli stretch of stomach wall when food enters presence of protein and amino acids hormonal stimulation by gastrin
71
Intestinal Phase of Gastric Secretion
Signals come from intestine and have inhibitory effect i.e. slow the rate of gastric secretion Stretch of duodenum stimulate nerve reflex that inhibits gastric motility and secretion Presence of fat in duodenum stimulates secretion of inhibitory hormones = enterogastrones
72
Enterogastrones
Inhibitory hormones stimulated by presence of fat in the duodenum
73
Almost all products of digestion are absorbed where?
In the small Intestine
74
Alcohol and Aspirin are absorbed where?
absorbed directly through stomach wall due to their lipid solubility
75
Absorption of aspirin through the stomach wall is associated with
absorbed directly through stomach wall due to their lipid solubility
76
Chyme
Liquefied Food; Passed from stomach to the small intestine
77
Small Intestine Functions
CHO digestion resumes and is completed here Protein digestion continues and completes here Fat digestion is initiated and completed here Also functions to absorb nutrients, fluids, and electrolytes
78
How Long is the small intestine
16 feet
79
How Long is the Duodenum
1 foot long
80
Hormones important in Small Intestine Digestive Activity
``` Secretin Cholecyctokinin (CCK) Enterokinase Pancreatic enzymes Lipase, Amylase, Peptidases, Trypsinogen, Trypsin ```
81
What are the Pancreatic Enzymes?
Lipase, Amylase, Peptidases, Trypsinogen, Trypsin
82
S Cells Secrete
Secretin
83
What is Secretin's target tissue
Pancreatic Ducts and liver
84
Secretion is Nature's
Antacid
85
Stimuli for secretin Secretion
Acid (pH less than 4.5 stimulates secretion)
86
I Cells Secrete
cholecystokinin (CCK)
87
CCK (Cholecytokinin) target tissues
pancreatic acinar cells and gall bladder
88
I Cell Function
Induces secretion of digestive enzymes from pancreatic cells Induces contraction of gall bladder, which releases bile into small intestine
89
Stimuli for CCK Secretion
Presence of protein and/or fat in chyme
90
Pancreatic Amylase
breaks CHO starch to maltose, maltriose, and small branched structures
91
Lipase
breaks down triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol
92
Proteolytic Enzyme function
enzymes break peptides down to amino acids and dipeptide fragments
93
Trypsinogen
Converted to trypsin by enzyme (enterokinase) located along inner wall of small intestine
94
Enterokinase
Located along inner wall of small intestine. Converts Trypsinogen to Trypsin
95
Pancreatic Zygomens
Inactive Enzymes
96
Trypsin function in Pancreatic Zygomens
Trypsin converts other pancreatic zymogens (inactive forms) to their active forms within the small intestine
97
Most Pancreatic Enzymes are produced as
inactive molecules (Zygomens)
98
What is the purpose/function of Zygomens?
Protects the pancreas from self-digestion
99
Pancreatic Amylase is secreted into the duodenum in response to
Secretin
100
Pancreatic Amylase is active in the intestine because:
the acidic chyme is neutralized by HCO3- also secreted from pancreas in response to secretin Is considerably more potent than amylase in saliva
101
Pancreatic Amylase function
converts complex CHOs to maltriose, maltose, and short branched sugars
102
Inner Surface of the Small Intestine
(epithelial layer) extensively folded and covered with smaller folds (villi) and even smaller folds (microvilli) increase surface area for absorption to occur
103
Function of Microvilli
Increase surface area for absorption
104
The small intestine is the site of absorption for:
carbohydrates, lipids, amino acids, calcium and iron in duodenum and jejunum Bile salts, Vit B12, water, and electrolytes mainly in ileum
105
Monosaccharides move through the cells lining the sm. intestine and into the
Interstitium
106
After Monosaccharides enter the Interstitium, what occurs?
Monosaccharides then enter hepatic portal vein and are transported to liver first, and the rest of the body afterwards
107
The Hepatic portal vein role in CHO absorption in the Small Intestine
Monosaccharides then enter hepatic portal vein and are transported to liver first, and the rest of the body afterwards conveys blood from capillaries in the intestine, stomach, and pancreas to capillaries in the liver
108
Fat Digestion prior to the small intestine
Limited. Some lipases in Saliva and Gastric Secretions contribute
109
Lipase
Enzyme important in fat digestion
110
Lipase is secreted into the Small Intestine from the
Pancreas
111
Lipase is secreted into the Small Intestine from the Pancreas in response to
Secretin
112
Lipase Function
Breaks down triglycerides to free fatty acids and monoglycerides
113
Lipase activity is dependent upon
the amount of surface area on which it can work
114
In Lipid digestion and Absorption in the Small intestine, Fats stimulate
I Cells to release CCK
115
In the Small intestine, CCK triggers
The release of Bile from the gall bladder
116
Blile Function
Fat Emulsification
117
True or False: Bile breaks bond between glycerol and fatty acids
False: The Bonds are not broken
118
Fat emulsification
Breaks Large Fat gobules into smaller fat gobules
119
Bile increases surface area available for what to act?
Pancreatic Lipase
120
The Hepatic Artery delivers oxygenated blood to
The Liver
121
The Hepatic Portal Vein function
receives absorbed nutrients first, then the rest of the body gets it. This does not include fat.
122
Liver's Digestive functions
Secretes bile - essential for digestion and absorption of fats
123
Liver's circulatory functions
destroys aged or abnormal blood cells and produces clotting factors
124
What converts protein metabolites into urea for elimination by the kidneys?
The Liver
125
Liver Immune Functions
(Kupffer cells)
126
The Liver functions as a blood reservior in regulation of
Blood Volume
127
Bile
Product of the liver cells
128
Bile contains
bile pigment, bile salts, phospholipids, cholesterol, and inorganic ions
129
Bile Pigment contains
bilirubin = breakdown product of hemoglobin
130
Bile Salts
lipid aggregates with non-polar parts in central region and polar regions toward water
131
What is essential for the absorption of fat from the digestive tract?
Bile
132
Gallbladder location
On the underside of the liver
133
Gallbladder function
Concentrates and stores the bile produced in liver
134
Gallbladder contraction forces
bile into small intestine
135
Cholecystokinin (CCK)
hormone released by ‘I’ cells of small intestine
136
Cholecystokinin (CCK) function
Stimulates release of digestive enzymes from pancreas and bile from gall bladder
137
Micelles
Aggregates of bile salts, free fatty acids, monoglycerides, and fat-soluble vitamins
138
Micelle arrangement and function
Arranged with non-polar regions to center, polar, water-soluble portions to outside Makes lipids more water soluble in lumen of intestine
139
Micelle Transport
transported to epithelial cells lining small intestine
140
Importance of Micelle Formation
Intestinal epithelial layer is covered by an ‘unstirred’ water layer Fats are nonpolar, and insoluble in water
141
Micelle Structure
outer borders are polar, but whose inner segments are nonpolar
142
Outer Polar Portion of Micelles
can dissolve in the unstirred water layer and be transported to epithelial cell surfaces
143
Nonpolar Portion of Micelles
can then be removed from micelle and absorbed individually, or in some cases the micelle itself may be absorbed
144
Chylomicrons
Inside epithelial cells, triglycerides and phospholipids are re-synthesized Resynthesized triglycerides and phospholipids are combined with cholesterol and protein inside the cell to form chylomicrons
145
Chlylomicrons are released into
the lymphatic system - NOT INTO HEPATIC PORTAL VEIN | Liver does not get ‘first crack’ at lipids
146
Proteolytic enzymes are released in inactive form (Zygomens)
from the pancreas in response to secretin
147
Trypsinogen
inactive precursor that is converted (by enterokinase) to trypsin in the brush border of the small intestine
148
True or False: Trypsin converts other zymogens to their active forms
True
149
Collectively, the proteolytic enzymes break proteins and peptides into
single amino acids, or di- and tripeptides
150
Amino Acids are absorbed by
the epithelial cells of the small intestine by active co-transport with sodium
151
Di- and tripeptides are also absorbed by
epithelial cells of the small intestine and then broken down into amino acids within the epithelial cells
152
Epithelial cells release amino acids into portal blood
which is transported first to the liver, then to rest of the body
153
The Large Intestine is separated from the small intestine by
ileocecal valve
154
Large Intestine Function
Collects food residue (indigestible) material Site of final water reabsorption - causes chyme to become solid (forms feces) Stores feces until eliminated from body
155
Large Intestine Divsions
``` Cecum Colon -ascending -transverse -descending -Sigmoid ```
156
Divisions of the Colon
Ascending Transverse Descending Sigmoid (leads to rectum)
157
Cecum
section nearest small intestine (appendix attached in this region)
158
What is the major portion of the Small Intestine
Colon
159
98% of water that enters the gut is
reabsorbed
160
How much water is reabsorbed in the small intestine?
85%
161
How much water is reabsorbed in the large intestine
13%
162
Absorption of water is a passive process
Osmotic gradient created by active transport of ions | Water moves according to its gradient

Human Physiology 2234 (10 decks)

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