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Human Physiology 2234 > Unit 1- Introduction to Human Physiology and Neurophysiology > Flashcards

Unit 1- Introduction to Human Physiology and Neurophysiology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the characteristics of Living Organisms?

A 
Organization
Acquire Materials and Energy from Environment
Grow and Develop
Reproduce
Respond to Stimuli
Homeostatic
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2
Q

What are the Levels of Organization?

A 
Atom
Molecule
Macromolecule
Organelle
Cell
Tissue
Organ
Organ System
Organism
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3
Q

Nutrients provide ____ for energy

A

Materials

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4
Q

Energy is….

A

The Capacity to do work

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5
Q

Work is needed to…

A

Maintain the organization of the cell and the organism, which is needed for growth, reproduction, and development

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6
Q

What is needed for chemical reactions to occur in the human body?

A

Oxygen, Water, and Proper Body Temperature

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7
Q

With proper nutrients and environment, what occurs?

A

Normal Growth and Development.

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8
Q

Life comes only from?

A

Life

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9
Q

DNA

A

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

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10
Q

Genes code for

A

Proteins

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11
Q

What is necessary for all life?

A

Proteins

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12
Q

Proteins are necessary for what type of reactions?

A

Metabolic reactions

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13
Q

Metabolism

A

Sum total of the chemical reactions occurring in the body cells

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14
Q

Stimulus

A

A Specific form of energy detected by receptors

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15
Q

What do Stimuli do?

A

Make an organism aware of its internal and external environments.

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16
Q

Receptors

A

Detect environmental stimuli

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17
Q

Integrators

A

receive information from receptors and determine response; integrators send information about a response to effectors.

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18
Q

Effectors

A

Generate a response to the original stimulus

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19
Q

Homeostasis

A

The maintenance of a constant internal environment within its tolerance limit.

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20
Q

Tolerance Limits

A

A Narrow range of conditions where cellular processes are able to function at a level consistent with continuation of life in response to changes in the internal and external environment

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21
Q

What are the 3 mechanisms involved in homeostasis?

A

Structural
Behavioral
Functional

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22
Q

Structural homeostatic maintenance

A

Physical features of the organism

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23
Q

Behavioral Homeostatic maintenance

A

Actions and interactions of the organism

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24
Q

Functional Homeostatic maintenance

A

Metabolism of organism (Cellular, Tissue Level, or Organ)

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25
Homeostasis is a self-adjusting mechanism involving ______.
Feedback
26
Feedback Mechanisms
Occur when the response to a stimulus has an effect of some kind on the original stimulus.
27
Negative Feedback
When the response diminishes the original stimulus.
28
Example of a Negative feedback loop
Exercise creates metabolic heat which raises body temp. (stimulus), cooling mechanisms such as vasodilation and sweating (response), body temp. falls (decreasing original stimulus)
29
Positive Feedback
When the response enhances the original stimulus.
30
What type of feedback is more common?
Negative
31
Example of a Positive Feedback Loop?
Baby begins to suckle her mother’s nipple (stimulus), a few drops of milk are released (response), baby is encouraged and continues to suckle increasing milk released ( increasing original stimulus)
32
What systems control Homeostasis?
The Nervous System and the Endocrine System
33
What is the link between the Nervous system and the endocrine system?
The Hypothalamus
34
Both Homeostasis and _____ are endogenous systems responsible for maintaining the internal stability of an organism.
Allostasis
35
Allostasis Word Origin
Allostasis was coined similarly, from the Greek allo, which means "variable;" thus, "remaining stable by being variable
36
Homeostasis Word Origin
from the Greek homeo, means "same," while stasis means "stable;" thus, "remaining stable by staying the same
37
Allostatic Load
It's the price the body has to pay for either doing its job less efficiently or simply being overwhelmed by too many challenges
38
Allostatic Load
The physiological wear and tear on the body that results from ongoing adaptive efforts to maintain stability (homeostasis) in response to stressors
39
What are the 11 Organ Systems
``` Nervous Reproductive Nephro/Urine Skeletal Muscular Lymphatic/Immune Integumentary/Exocrine Respiratory Endocrine Digestive ```
40
What are the parts of the Central Nervous System?
Brain | Spinal Cord
41
What are the parts of the Peripheral Nervous System?
Nerves Ganglia Sensory Division Motor Division
42
What makes up the Sensory Division of the Peripheral Nervous System?
Visceral Sensory Division | Somatic Sensory Division
43
What makes up the Motor Division of the Peripheral Nervous System?
Visceral Motor Division | Somatic Motor Division
44
What makes up the Visceral Motor Division of the peripheral Motor Division of the Peripheral Nervous System?
Sympathetic Division | Parasympathetic Division
45
What are the 3 Types of Neurons?
Sensory (Afferent) Interneurons Motor (Efferent)
46
90% of our Neurons are _______
Interneurons
47
What is the function of Interneurons
Process, Store, and Retrieve information
48
Interneurons lie between the ______ and ____ Pathways in the Central Nervous System.
Sensory | Motor
49
Sensory (Afferent) Neurons
Conduct signals from receptors to the CNS
50
Interneurons (Association Neurons)
are confined to the CNS
51
Motor (Efferent) Neurons
Conduct signals from the CNS to effectors such as muscles and glands.
52
Cell Body
Soma | Perikaryon
53
The structure of a Neuron includes a single, central _____ with a large _____
Nucleus | Nucleolus
54
The structure of a Neuron includes a cytoskeleton of ______ and _____ (bundles of actin filaments)
Microtubules | Neurofibrils
55
The Neuron's cytoskeleton compartmentalizes ____ into Nissl Bodies
RER
56
Lipofuscin
product of breakdown of worn-out organelles -- more with age
57
Neurons' structure includes a vast number of ____ for receiving signals
Dendrites
58
Neuron structure includes a single ____ arising from a hillock for rapid conduction
Axon
59
What are the variations in Neural Structure?
Multipolar Bipolar Unipolar Anaxonic
60
What are the types of Neuroglial cells?
Ogliodendrocytes Ependymal Cells Microglia Astrocytes
61
What is the general purpose of the Nervous System?
Receive, Transmit, and Interpret Stimuli
62
Example of the Nervous System receiving stimuli
Eyes
63
Example of the nervous System Transmitting Stimuli
Sensory and Motor Nerves
64
Example of the Nervous System Interpreting Stimuli
Brain or Spinal Cord
65
Example of the Nervous System Carrying out a decision
With the Muscles of the Arm.
66
What is the function of Neuroglial Cells
Support, protect, and Nourish Neurons
67
What is the most numerous type of cells in the nervous system?
Neuroglial Cells
68
What is the function of astrocytes?
Processes attach to neurons and their synaptic endings. Cover nearby capillaries and anchor neurons to them. Take up glucose from capillaries and deliver it to neurons as lactic acid. Needed for synapse formation within the CNS. Form the blood brain barrier. Control the chemical environment around neurons by regulating K+ in the ECF, and recapturing and recycling neurotransmitters.
69
Microglia
Monitor health of Neurons Can differentiate to macrophages when microorganisms are present
70
Ependymal Cells
Line Cavities of brain and spinal cord Form permeable barrier between CSF and Interstitial fluid of the brain
71
Oligodendrocytes
Form Myelin Sheath | Make up white matter in the CNS
72
Schwann Cells
Form Myelin Sheath in the PNS
73
Satellite Cells
Support Cell Bodies of neurons in the PNS Control Extracellular Fluid around Neurons
74
Name the Parts of a Neuron (And be able to label them)
``` Dendrites Cell Body Axon Hillock Axon Axon Terminal ```
75
Function of Dendrites
To receive the Neurotransmitter (Stimuli) | Convey Local Potentials to the cell body->Axon Hillock
76
Function of Nucleus in the Cell Body
Interpret Stimuli and be the Biosynthetic center of the cell
77
Axon Hillock Function
Generate Action Potentials
78
The Myelin Sheath in Neurons is composed of:
the cell membrane of the cell, and the neurilemma contains cell membrane, cytosol, and organelles
79
Function of the Axon
Conduct Action Potentials away from the cell body
80
Axon Terminal Function
secrete neurotransmitter substances
81
What are the three types of Neurons (Structural)
Multipolar Unipolar Bipolar
82
What is the most common structure of a Neuron?
Multipolar
83
What is the second most common structure of a Neuron?
Unipolar
84
Where are Bipolar Neurons found in the body?
Nasal Mucosa and Retina of the eye
85
The Plasma Membrane is more permeable to ___ Ions than any other ions and molecules.
K+
86
K+ Ions diffuse ____ the cell (Eflux) due to its concentration gradient (Chemical force)
Out of
87
K+ Ions are also acted upon by a ___ Force which draws K+ back into the cell due to the charged proteins and phosphate groups in the ICF
Electrical
88
If the cell were only permeable to K+ Ions, the cell would be at equlibrium potential at _____
-90mV
89
K+ ions are moving through ____-_____ ion channels ___ of the cell
Non-Gated | Out
90
Na+ Ions move ___ the cell (influx) due to the concentration gradient
Into
91
If the cell were only permeable to Na+ ions, the equilibrium potential would be
60mV
92
N and K Concentrations
K+ moves out (Eflux) | Na+ moves in (Influx)
93
What is the Nernst Equation
Allows the theoretical membrane potential to be calculated for a particular Ion
94
Resting Membrane Potential of the Neuron is
-70mV
95
What is the function of Na/K Pump?
Maintains the Ion concentration and Resting Membrane Potential.
96
In the Na/K Pump, for every 3 Na+ ions pumped out of the cell, how many K+Ions are pumped into the cell.
2
97
The Na/K Pump is active transport which requires ___ because it pumps against ion gradients
Energy
98
the Na/K Pump is responsible for ___ to ___ mV of the Resting Membrane Potential
5-15 mV
99
Association Neuron (Interneuron)
Multipolar Neuron located entirely within the CNS
100
Sensory Neuron (Afferent Neuron)
Neuron that transmits impulses from a sensory receptor into the CNS
101
Motor Neuron (Efferent Neuron)
Neuron that transmits impulses from the CNS to an Effector Organ (Like a muscle)
102
Nerve
Cablelike collection of many axons in the PNS; may be mixed
103
Somatic Motor Nerve
Nerve that stimulates contraction of Skeletal Muscles
104
Autonomic Motor Nerve
Nerve that stimulates contraction (Or inhibits contractions) of smooth muscle and cardiac muscle and that stimulates glandular secretion
105
Ganglion
grouping of Neuron bodies located outside the CNS
106
What is the difference between Schwann Cells and Oligodendrocytes?
Oligodendrocytes myelinate neurons in the CNS while Schwann cells myelinate neurons in the PNS.
107
Action Potential
a sequence of rapidly occurring electrical events that reverse the MEMBRANE’S RESTING POTENTIAL
108
How is the Action Potential reached?
1. Local Potentials must reach the axon hillock | 2. Local Potentials must produce enough depolarization to reach the threshold voltage of the neuron
109
Action Potentials begin in the
Axon Hillock
110
Na+ AND K+ Voltage-gated channels produce the ____ _____ along the axon of the neuron.
Action Potential
111
What are the electrical effects of
Depolarization Repolarization Hyperpolarization
112
In the resting state of a cell, what is the state of the Na+ and k+ gated channels?
Na+ Closed | K+ Closed
113
In Depolarization of a cell, what is the status of the Na+ and K+ gated channels?
Na+ Voltage gated channels are open and move into the cell. K+ Gates are closed
114
What is the point at which K+ gates open and Na+ gates close?
+30 mV
115
What is the state when K+ Gates open and Na+ gates close?
Repolarization
116
Hyperpolarization Voltage gate states
Na+ Gates closed K+ Gates open K+ keeps moving in the cell to push past (Below) -70mV
117
Refractory Period
The period of time during which an excitable cell cannot generate another action potential
118
Absolute Refractory Period
no stimulus, regardless of its strength can produce an action potential
119
Relative refractory period
A greater than normal stimulus is necessary to cause an action potential
120
What factors impact the velocity of the Action Potential transmission?
Diameter of the Axon | Presence (Or Lack of ) Myelin
121
In a myelinated Axon, the Action Potential is regenerated where?
The Nodes of Ranvier
122
What is the Node of Ranvier?
Spaces between the Myelin Sheath (either Oligodendrocytes or Schwann Cells)
123
What are the 3 classifications of Axons Based on their Speed of Conduction?
A,B,C
124
What type of Axon fibers have the largest diameter?
A Fibers
125
True or False: A Fibers are always Myelinated?
TRUE
126
What is the conduction speed of "A" Fibers?
120-130 M/Sec
127
What is an example of a type "A" Fiber?
Motor Neuron which innervate Skeletal Muscle
128
B Fibers have axon Diameters of 2-3 microns and (are/Are Not) Myelinated
ARE
129
What is the conduction speed of B Fibers
15 m/sec
130
B Fibers are associated with sensory impulses from the viscera to the ____ and ____ _____
Brain | Spinal Cord
131
B Fibers are associated the Autonomic Nervous System from the CNS to the _______ ______.
Autonomic Ganglia
132
C Fibers are associated with Pain Impulses from
Viscera and some somatic sensations
133
C Fibers are associated with ANS motor Neurons from the _____ to the Effects
Ganglia
134
What does the Autonomic Nervous System Manage?
Involuntary Body Function
135
What types of organs, muscles and glands are managed by the ANS?
Cardiac Muscle Smooth Muscle Glands
136
How does the ANS regulate Cardac Muscle?
Heart Rate | Heart Amplitude
137
How does the ANS regulate Smooth Muscle
Blood Vessel Diameter | Digestive Tract Movement
138
How does the ANS regulate Glands
Secretion
139
The ANS has __ neuron (s) in its efferent pathway
2
140
The Preganglionic Neuron in the ANS
Has the Cell Body in the CNS
141
The Postganglionic Neuron in the ANS
Has the Cell Body in a Ganglion and extends from the ganglion to the target tissue
142
Cholinergic Synapses release what neeurotransmitter into the Synaptic cleft?
Acetyl Choline
143
Adrenergic Synapses release what neurotransmitter into the Synaptic Cleft?
Norepinephrine
144
The synapse between the somatic motor neuron and skeletal muscle is what type?
Cholinergic
145
The synapse between the parasympathetic preganglionic neuron and the postganglionic neuron is what type?
Cholinergic
146
The synapse between the parasympathetic postganglionic neuron and the target organ is what type of synapse?
Adrenergic
147
What is the receptor used in cholinergic synapses between the somatic motor neuron and the skeletal muscle?
Nicontinic
148
What type of synapse is between the preganglionic neuron in the sympathetic nervous system and the postganglionic neuron? What is the receptor used
Cholinergic | Nicotinic
149
What types of synapses in the sympathetic nervous system us between the Postganglionic neuron and the Target organs?
Alpha 1 Beta1 Alpha 2 Beta 2
150
The sympathetic nervous system runs between which vertebrae?
T1 to L2
151
What type of synapse in the parasympathetic nervous system is between the postganglionic neuron and the target organ? What neurotransmitter is released? What type of receptor is present in the synaptic cleft?
Cholinergic Acetyl Choline Muscarinic Receptor
152
What is the function of Alpha receptors int he symathetic nervous system?
Contract smoth muscle
153
What is the function of beta receptors in the synmpathetic nervous system?
Relax Smooth Muscle
154
Where are Alpha 1 receptors typically located in the body?
Most blood vessels
155
Where are Alpha 2 receptors typically located in the body
Platelet membranes
156
Where are Beta 1 receptors typically located in the body?
Cardiac Muscle
157
Where are Beta 2 receptors typically located in the body?
Smooth muscle of Coronary Arteries, Bronchioles, Urinary, and Digestive Walls
158
What is an effect of an Alpha 1 receptor?
Dilates Pupils
159
What is an effect of Alpha 2 Receptor in the body?
Increased Blood Clotting
160
?What is an effect of the Beta 1 receptor in the body?
Inrease Heart Rate | Increase strength of contraction
161
What is an effect of the Beta 2 receptor in the body?
Relax smooth muscle in organ walls | Bronchioles relaxed gives more air
162
Drugs that promote neurotransmitter actions are called
Agonists
163
Drugs that inhibit (block) Neurotransmitter actions are called
Antagonists
164
Adrenergic blockers
Block Epinephrine and norepinephrine
165
Alpha one blocker example and function
Phentolamine | Decreases Blood pressure
166
Sympathetic Division is known for
Fight or Flight
167
Parasympathetic division is known for
Diges t and rest
168
Sypathetic division upsets what
Homeostasis
169
Parasympathetic division pmromotes what
Homeostasis
170
Thoracolumbar division
T1 to L2
171
Paraverebral Ganglia
Sympathetic chain parallel to the spinal cord which has internconnected ganglia
172
Ca2+ is high
outside the Cell
173
Ca2+ is low
Inside the Cell
174
True or False: Neurotransmitters enter the taaret cell
False: The nerutransmitter binds to the taret cell's recepotrs in the synaptic cleft t spark the local potential in the post ganglionic cell
175
What are te postganglion ic neurons that do not synase in the sympathetic chain>?
Collateral Ganglia
176
Where is the parasympatheric nervous system located?
Craniosacral region: Brain stem and S2-S4
177
Parasympathetic division has long _____ neyrons whihc prignate in the brains tem
Preganglionic
178
Parasymapthetic ivision has short _____ neurons which terminate next to or insude?
Postganglionic | Target ORgans
179
What nerve carries most preganglionic fiers to the body's organs?
Vagus Nerve
180
The s2-s4 nerves innervate those not done bt the
Vagus Nerve
181
Preganglionic neurons are always
Myelinated
182
Ganglion chains are locate in what division
Sympathetic Nervous system
183
What is an ecample of a Beta 1 blocker and what is its function?
Atenolol | Decreases Heart Rate
184
What is the function of a Nicoitinic Cholinergic Blocker?
Block nicotinic receptrirs for Ach
185
What is an example of a Nicotinic Cholinergic Blocker and what is its function?
Curare Neuromuscular Blocking aent used for relaxation paralysis
186
What type of drug is used for diagnosis of Myasthenia Gravis?
Nicotinic Cholinergic Blocker (Curare)
187
What is the function of Muscarinic Cholinergic Blockers?
Block Muscarinic Receptors for Ach
188
What is an example of a MUscarinic Cholinergic Blocker? What is its function?
Atropene Dialates Pupils Decrease salivation Decrease respiratory secretions
189
Atropene blocks what receptor to increase heart rate to normal?
M2
190
Most organs have dual innervation from both the
Parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system
191
Effects of Dual innervation are usually
Antagonistic
192
Purpose of the Action Potential
Produce a change in the axon terminal o vesicles with neurotransmitters move to the membrane
193
What are the Components fo the Action Potentials in a Neuron?
Voltage-Gated Sodm channels Voltage-Gated potassium channels Sodium and potassium gradients Sodium Potassium Pump
194
Local Potentials are generated by hwhat
EPSP or IPSP
195
What is the function of the Axon Hillock
Collect Local Potentials to activate Action Potentials
196
What is the function of the Nodes of Ranvier
Reactivate local potentials between the myekination of Schwann cells or ologodendrcytes
197
Resting Membrane Potential
-70Mv
198
At resing Membrane Potential, Both K and Na Gates are
Closed
199
Component of the Action Potential
Resting Membrane Potential Depolarization Repolarization Hyperpolarization
200
at -55 Mv, what occurs
Dpolarization occurs and Na+ Voltage regulated channesl open and NA+ ions enter the cell Inside of membrane becomes more positive K
201
At 30+ mv, what occurs in the cell?
Na C channel closes and + Opens K+ os leaving the cell driving the cell fown towards RMP Inside of membrane becomes ess positive
202
Hyperpolarization
Na+ gates are cloased | K+ is open, driving cell below RMP
203
Action Potental at the Hillock and Axon terminal must all be the sae ____ and ____ to function
Amplitude and Strength
204
True or False: Local Potentials regernerate?
False: Local potentials fo not rgenerate. They are overcome with temporal and spatial summation
205
Refractory Period
The period of time wit
206
True or False: Local Potentials regernerate?
False: Local potentials fo not regenerate. They are overcome with temporal and spatial summation
207
Refractory Period
The period of time which an excitable cell cannot generate another action potential. Prevents it from moving backwards through the axon
208
Absolute refractory oeruiod
No stmulus, regardless of its strength can produce an action potential Due to inactivated SodiumChannels
209
Relative refractory Period
A reater than normal stimulus is necessary to cuase an action potential Due to continued outard diffusion of K+
210
ypoerpolarization
The membrane reuturns to MP by sing non-gated cahnnel proteins and the Na+K+ Pump, which uses ATP. (Always ensuring gradients are estabished)
211
Hyperpolariatin kees what form happening
Action Potential goning int he opposite direction
212
Speed of action potentials depends on what?
Myelination
213
What are the 3 types of fibers in myelination?
A,B,C
214
Ligand
A Protein that binds to a pcoket on the gated channel (Neurotransmitter)
215
The Na/K Pump can only change the potential by
5-15 Mv
216
Function of the Myelin sheath
Help run the action potential faster
217
The axon Hillock myst receive enough positive charges from ____ if action potential is to form
EPSP
218
The plasma membrane is more poermeable to ___ ions than any other ions or molecules
K+
219
Na+ Ions are also attracted to the ___ groups and negatively charged ions inside the cell via its concentration gradient and electrical atraction force
Phosphate groups
220
If K+ was by itself in the mebrane w no other ions, the potential would only reach
-90mv
221
The Na+ gradient of -20 Mv headded with the K9 gradient of -90 Mv helps reach RMP of
-70 Mv
222
Na is _______ less permeable in the membrane than K+ Ions
25-40%
223
K+ Moves ___ of the Cell
Out (Efflux)
224
Na+ Moves ____ of the cell
In (Influx)
225
Channel Proteins are one way. Why?
Because going against the gradient is active trasnport and requires energy
226
Sodium Potassium Pump takes ___ Na and moves them ___ the cell
3 | Outside
227
Sodium potassium Punmp takes ___ K+ and mvoes them ____ the Cell
2 | Inside
228
What is the purpose of the Nerst equation
to measure the theoretical Membrane potential for one Ion.
229
Anything dissolved in water has a _____.
Charge
230
Cholerterol rovides ____ ____ n the plasma membrane
Structural Support
231
Intracellular FLuid includes
K+ Phosphate groups | Negatively charged poteins
232
Extraellylar fluid contains
Na+ Cl- HCO3- | Ca2+
233
What is interstitial Fluid
Fluid in h the tissue surrounding the cell
234
RMP is initally established int he uterus as the fetus develops a
Nervous system
235
Fnction of the nervous systmem
Ti receue, trasnmit, and interpret stimuli
236
Afferent Pathays Go
In
237
Efferent Pathways goI
Out

Human Physiology 2234 (10 decks)

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