Unit 2 Endocrinology Flashcards
(131 cards)
Adipose Tissue
Major Hormones, Primary Target Organs, and Primary Effects
Major Hormone: Leptin
Primary Target Organs: Hypothalamus
Primary Effects: Suppress Appetite
Adrenal Cortex
Major Hormones, Primary Target Organs, and Primary Effects
Major Hormone: (Major Hormones, Primary Target Organs, and Primary Effects)
Primary Target Organs: Liver and Muscles, Kidneys
Primary Effects: Glucocorticoids influence glucose metabolism; mineralocorticoids promote Na+ retention, K+ excretion
Adrenal Medulla
Major Hormones, Primary Target Organs, and Primary Effects
Major Hormone: Epinephrine
Primary Target Organs: Heart, Bronchioles, Blood Vessels
Primary Effects: Causes Adrenergic Stimulation
Heart
Major Hormones, Primary Target Organs, and Primary Effects
Major Hormone: Atria Natriuretic Hormone
Primary Target Organs: Kidneys
Primary Effects: Promotes Excretion of Na+ and Water in Urine
Hypothalamus
Major Hormones, Primary Target Organs, and Primary Effects
Major Hormone: Releasing and Inhibiting Hormones
Primary Target Organs: Anterior Pituitary
Primary Effects: Regulates secretion of anterior pituitary hormones
Small Intestine
Major Hormones, Primary Target Organs, and Primary Effects
Major Hormone: Secretin and Cholecystokinin
Primary Target Organs: Stomach, Liver, Pancreas
Primary Effects: Inhibits gastric motility and stimulates bile and pancreatic juice secretion
Islets of Langerhans (pancreas)
Major Hormones, Primary Target Organs, and Primary Effects
Major Hormone: Insulin Glucagon
Primary Target Organs: Liver, skeletal muscle, and adipose tissue primarily
Primary Effects: Insulin promotes cellular uptake of glucose and formation of glycogen and fat; glucagon stimulates hydrolysis of glycogen and fat
Kidneys
Major Hormones, Primary Target Organs, and Primary Effects
Major Hormone: Erythropoietin
Primary Target Organs: Bone Marrow
Primary Effects: Stimulates Red Blood Cell Production
Liver
Major Hormones, Primary Target Organs, and Primary Effects
Major Hormone: Somatomedins
Primary Target Organs: Cartilage
Primary Effects: Stimulates Cell Division and Growth
Ovaries
Major Hormones, Primary Target Organs, and Primary Effects
Major Hormone: Estradiol 17-B, Progesterone
Primary Target Organs: Female reproductive tract and mammary glands
Primary Effects: Maintains structure of reproductive tract and promotes secondary sex characteristics
Parathyroid Glands
Major Hormones, Primary Target Organs, and Primary Effects
Major Hormone: Parathyroid Hormone
Primary Target Organs: Bone, Small Intestine, and Kidneys
Primary Effects: Increases Ca2+ Concentration in blood
Pineal Gland
Major Hormones, Primary Target Organs, and Primary Effects
Major Hormone: Melatonin
Primary Target Organs: Hypothalamus and Anterior Pituitary
Primary Effects: Affects Secretion of Gonadotrophic Hormones
Pituitary , Anterior
Major Hormones, Primary Target Organs, and Primary Effects
Major Hormone: Trophic Hormones
Primary Target Organs: Endocrine Glands and Other Organs
Primary Effects: Stimulates growth and development of target organs; stimulates secretion of other hormones
Pituitary, Posterior
Major Hormones, Primary Target Organs, and Primary Effects
Major Hormone: Antidiuretic Hormone Oxytocin
Primary Target Organs: Stimulates growth and development of target organs; stimulates secretion of other hormones
Primary Effects: Antidiuretic hormone promotes water retention and vasoconstriction; oxytocin stimulates contraction of uterus and mammary secretory units, promoting milk ejection
Skin
Major Hormones, Primary Target Organs, and Primary Effects
Major Hormone: 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3
Primary Target Organs: Small Intestine
Primary Effects: Stimulates absorption of Ca2+
Stomach
Major Hormones, Primary Target Organs, and Primary Effects
Major Hormone: Gastrin
Primary Target Organs: Stomach
Primary Effects: Stimulates Acid Secretion
Testes
Major Hormones, Primary Target Organs, and Primary Effects
Major Hormone: Testosterone
Primary Target Organs: Prostate, seminal vesicles, testes, and other organs
Primary Effects: Stimulates secondary sexual development, spermatogenesis, other effects
Thymus
Major Hormones, Primary Target Organs, and Primary Effects
Major Hormone: Thymopoietin
Primary Target Organs: Lymph Nodes
Primary Effects: Stimulates White Blood Cell Production
Thyroid Gland
Major Hormones, Primary Target Organs, and Primary Effects
Major Hormone: Thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3); calcitonin
Primary Target Organs: Most Organs
Primary Effects: Thyroxine and triiodothyronine promote growth and development and stimulate basal rate of cell respiration (basal metabolic rate or BMR); calcitonin may participate in the regulation of blood Ca2+ levels
Endocrine Glands
Glands that secrete Hormones into the circulation rather than into a duct
Hormone
A regulatory chemical produced in an endocrine gland that is secreted into the blood and carried to the target cells that respond to it by an alteration in their metabolism
Amines
Hormones derived from the amino acids tyrosine and tryptophan. They include the hormones secreted by the adrenal medulla, thyroid, and pineal glands.
Glycoproteins
a protein bound to one or more carbohydrate groups. Examples are follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH).
Steroids
Steroid hormones are derived from cholesterol after an enzyme cleaves off the side chain attached to the five-carbon “D” ring (fig. 11.2). Steroid hormones include testosterone, estradiol, progesterone, and cortisol.
