Lab Exam 3- Pulmonary, Urinary, and Digestive Systems Flashcards
(120 cards)
1
Q
Mucosa
A
Mucous Membrane: consists of an inner epithelium spread over a thin layer of connective tissue (Lamina Propria), and bordered by a ribbon of smooth muscle, the muscularis Mucosa
2
Q
Lamina Propria
A
Thin layer of connective tissue in the Mucosa
3
Q
Mucosa Epithelium in the Esophagus and Anal Canal
A
Stratified Squamous
4
Q
Mucosa Epithelium in the Stomach, Small intestine, and Large Intestine
A
Simple Columnar
5
Q
Submucosa
A
connective tissue that has an abundant extracellular space for blood vessels, nerves, and mucous-secreting glands. Parasympathetic fibers can be seen as the Submucosal (Meissner’s) plexus in the submucosa
6
Q
Muscularis Externa
A
Smooth Muscle arranged in an inner circular and outer longitudinal layer throughout most of the digestive tract. Parasympathetic fibers and ganglia can be seen as the Myenteric (Auerbach’s) plexus in this layer
7
Q
Serosa
A
Simple Squamous Epithelium and connective tissue: outermst covering of the digestive tract
8
Q
4 Layers/Tunics of the tubular Digestive tract
A
Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis Externa
Serosa
9
Q
The muscles of the first 1/3 of the esophagus are striated why?
A
Pharynx and Mouth
to provide voluntary control of swallowing
10
Q
The middle 1/3 of the esophagus of the esophagus contains what type of muscle?
A
A mixture of striated and smooth muscle
11
Q
The final 1/3 of the esophagus contains what type of muscle?
A
Involuntary Smooth Muscle
12
Q
Rugae
A
Folds in the stomach’s submucosa which can be viewed with the naked eye
13
Q
true or False: When the mucosa is examined microscopically, it appears folded as well as the submucosa
A
True
14
Q
Gasric Pits
A
Openings of folds of the mucosa and submucosa into the stomach lumen
15
Q
Gastric Glands
A
The Cells that line the folds of the mucosa that are secretory
16
Q
What are the Gastric Glands
A
Mucous Neck Cells Parietal Cells Chief Cells Enterochromaffin-Like Cells (ECLs) G Cells D Cells
17
Q
Mucous Neck Cells
A
Secrete Mucous (Supplement the surface mucous cells whihch are in the epithelium of the stomach lumen and Gastric Pits
18
Q
Parietal Cells
A
secrete Hydrochloric Acid
19
Q
Chief Cells
A
Secrete Pepsinogen
20
Q
Pepsinogen
A
inactive precursor of Pepsin a protein-digesting enzyme
21
Q
Enterochromaffin-Like Cells (ECLs)
A
secrete Histamine
22
Q
G Cells
A
Secrete Gastrin Hormone
23
Q
D Cells
A
Secrete Somatostatin Hormone
24
Q
Intrinsic Factor
A
Polypeptide secreted by the Gastric Mucosa which aids in the absorption of Vitamin B12 in the Intestine.
25
Vitamin B12 is needed for
Production of RBCs in the Bone Marrow.
26
Grhelin
A Hormone secreted by the stomach that rises before meals and serves as a signal from the stomach to the brain that helps regulate hunger
27
How long is the Small Intestine
Approximately 21 feet log
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What are the 3 regions of the Small intestine
Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum
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Duodenum
1st region of the small intestine. Approx. 12 inches long
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Jejunum
2nd region of the small intestine. Approx 8 feet long and constitutes 2/5 of the entire length of the intestine
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ileum
about 12 feet long (constituting 3/5 of the intestine )
| Terminal region of small intestine
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Plicae Circulares
Large folds formed in the small intestine by the Mucosa and Submucosa.
33
The surface of the mucosa is further increased by
Microscopic folds that form fingerlike projections called villi
34
Brush Border Enzymes
Digestive Enzymes fixed to the cell membranes of the microvili and act together with enzymes from pancreatic juice to catalyze hydrolysis reactions of food molecules
35
Intestinal Crypts/ Crypts of Lieberkuhn
Eithelium at the base of the vili that invaginates
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Paneth Cells
located at the bottom of the intestinal crypts int he small intestine. They secrete antibacterial lysozyme and bactericidal peptides
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Intestinal Stem Cells
located at the bottom of intestinal crypts
| divide by mitosis to replenish themselves ad to produce the specialized cells of the intestinal mucosa
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How often do the Intestinal Stem Cells divide?
Twice a day in the crypts. At the top of the crypts, mitosis stops and the cells differentiate into secretory cells and enterocytes
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Enterocytes
Intestinal Epithelial Cells. The Enterocytes migrate up towards the tips of the vili to replace the epithelial cells continually shed into the lumen.
40
Waste Products from the small intestine pass into the
Colon
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Colon
Part of the large intestine where water, sodium, and potassium are absorbed
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The mucosa of the Large intestine contains
Crypts of Lieberkuhn, but not vili. The surface has a flat appearance
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Appendix
A short outpouching from the Cecum (Vestigial Structure)
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Salivary Amylase (Site of Acton, Source, Substrate, Optimum pH, and Products)
```
Mouth
Saliva
Starch
6.7
Maltose
```
45
Pepsin (Site of Acton, Source, Substrate, Optimum pH, and Products)
```
Stomach
Gastric Glands
Protein
1.6-2.4
Shorter Polypeptides
```
46
Pancreatic Amylase (Site of Acton, Source, Substrate, Optimum pH, and Products)
```
Duodenum
Pacreatic Juice
Starch
6.7-7.0
Maltose, Maltriose, and Oligosaccharides
```
47
Trypsin, Chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase (Site of Acton, Source, Substrate, Optimum pH, and Products)
```
Duodenum
Pancreatic Juice
Polypeptides
8.0
Amino Acids, Dipeptides, and Tripeptides
```
48
Pancreatic Lipase (Site of Acton, Source, Substrate, Optimum pH, and Products)
```
Duodenum
Pancreatic Juice
Triglycerides
8.0
Fatty Acids and Monoglycerides
```
49
Maltase (Site of Acton, Source, Substrate, Optimum pH, and Products)
```
Brush Border
Epithelial membrane
Maltose
5.0-7.0
Glucose
```
50
Sucrase (Site of Acton, Source, Substrate, Optimum pH, and Products)
```
Brush border
Epithelial Membrane
Sucrose
5.0-7.0
Glucose+ Fructose
```
51
Lactase (Site of Acton, Source, Substrate, Optimum pH, and Products)
```
Brush Border
Epithelial Membrane
Lactose
5.8-6.2
Glucose+ Galactagose
```
52
Aminopeptidase (Site of Acton, Source, Substrate, Optimum pH, and Products)
```
Brush Border
Epithelial Membrane
Polypeptides
8.0
Amino Acids
Dipeptides
Tripeptides
```
53
Pancreatic Islets
Islands of endocrine cells
| They contain alpha cells and Beta Cells into the syrrounding blood capillaries
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Alpha cells secrete
Glucagon
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Beta Cells secrete
Insulin
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Hepatitis
Inflammation of the liver caused by bacterial or viral infections, alcohol abuse, allergy, or drugs
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Cirrhosis
Large areas of liver tissue are destroyed and replaced with permanent connective tissue and regenerative nodules of hepatocytes that lack the platelike stryctyre of normal liver tissue
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The liver produces Albumin and converts ammonia to
Urea
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Pancreatitis
Inflammation of the pancreas.
Can result from the action of the digestive enzymes on pancreatic tissue
gallstones, alcoholism, traumatic injury, infections, or toxicosis from various drugs provoke activation of digestive enzymes within the pancreas
60
True or False: The pancreas is an endocrine gland only
False: it is both an endocrine and exocrine gland
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Yellow-orange to brownish-green urine
Bilirubin from obstructive Jaundice
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Red to red-brown Urine
Hemoglobinuria
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Smoky Red Urine
Unhemolyzed RBCs from urinary tract
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Dark Wine colored Urine
Hemolytic Jaundice
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Brown-Black urine
Melanin pigment from melanoma
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Dark Brown urine
Liver infections, pericious anemia, Malaria
67
Green Urine
Bacterial infection: Pseudomonas aeruginosa
68
Proteinuria
The leakage of proteins into the urine
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Glycosuria
The apearance of glucose in urine due to hyperglycemia in a fasting person
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Hallmark of Diabetes Mellitus
The apearance of glucose in urine due to hyperglycemia in a fasting person
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Casts
Cylindrical structures formed by the precipitation of protein molecules within the renal tubules
72
Ventilation Functions
Oxygenation of the blood; accomplished by bringing new air into the alveoli during the inhalation phase
elimination of Carbon Dioxide from the blood; accomplished by the diffusion of CO2 from the blood into the alveoli and the extrusion of the CO2 by exhalation
73
Acid
A Molecule that can donate free H+ Ions to a solution to lower its pH.
74
Carbonic Acid is formed by
the combination of CO2 and water within the red blood cells
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Carbonic Acid formation is catalyzed by
Carbonic Anhydrase
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Carbonic acid dissociates into
H+ ion and Bicarbonate Ion HCO3-
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Bicarbonate Ion serves as what in the blood
A Buffer, helping to stabilize the pH of plasma despite the continuous influx of H+ from the molecules of Lactic Acid, Fatty Acids, Ketone Bodies, and other metabolic Products
78
Hypoventlation
Low oxygenation; Carbonic Acid levels will rise aboce normal and the pH wll fall below 7.35
79
Hypoventilation is also known as
Respiratory Acidosis
80
Hyperventilation
causes an abnormal decrease in carbonic acid and a corresponding rise in blood pH.
81
Hyperventilation is also known as
Respiratory Alkalosis
82
Increased muscle metabolism during exercise results in
an increase in CO2 production
83
Spirometry
A technique used for measuring lung volumes and capacities
84
Total Lung Capacity
Total volume of gas in the lungs after a maximum (froced) inhalation
85
Vital Capacity
The maximum volume of gas that can be exhaled after a maximum inhalation
86
Tidal Volume
The volume of gas inspired or expired during each normal unforced ventilation cycle
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Inspiratory Capacity
The maximum volume of gas that can be inhaled after a normal unforced exhalation
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Inspiratory Reserve Volume
The maximum volume of gas that can be forcefully inhaled after a normal (Tidal) inhalation
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Functional Residual Capacity
The Volume of gas remaining in the lungs after a normal (unforced) exhalation
90
Residual Volume
The volume of gas remaining in the lungs after a maximum (forced) exhalation
91
Boyle's Law
the pressure of a gas is inversely proportional to its volume
92
In normal unforced ventilation, the thoracic volume is regulated by action of the
Diaphragm and external intercostal muscles
93
During inhalation, the diaphragm is
Contracted
94
During exhalation, the diaprhagm is
relaxed
95
Forced Expiratory Volume
Otherwise Known as the timed vital Capacity. The subject performs a vital capacity maneuver by inhaling maximally, holding, then exhaling maximally as rapidly as possible
96
Obstructive Disorders
disorders of the bronchioles and characteristic of Emphysema, bronchitis, and asthma. The obstruction can result from bronchiolar secretions, inflammation and edema, or contraction of bronchiolar smooth muscle
97
Restrictive Disorders
damage to the lung tissue results in an abnormal vital capacity test. If the disease is purely restrictive (pulmonary fibrosis) the airways may be clear, resulting in a normal FEV test. The VC is reduced, but it can be quickly exhaled.
98
Emphysema
The loss of elastic lung tissue decreases the FEV due to the collapse of small airways during exhalation
99
Air Trapping
Weakened bronchioles collapse during exhalation before all the air has been released from the lungs
100
Emphysema is caused primarily by
smoking and aggravated air pollution and reduces the # of Alveoli in the lungs
101
COPD
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
| Chronic Inflammation with narrowing of the airway and destruction of alveolar walls
102
Other diseases in the COPD Category
Chronic Obstructive Bronchiolitis
| Fibrosis and obstruction of the bronchioles, emphysema
103
FEV1 test
detects the increased airway resistance, as occurs in emphysema, bronchitis, and asthma
104
Phenylthalene is used as an indicator for
testing alkalinity in a solution. (Turns Pink)
105
In order to identify a male urinary system, what must be present
The Prostate gland under the Bladder
106
In order to identify a female urinary system, what structures must be present?
The Uterus on top of the bladder
107
Hyoid Bone
Helps support swallowing
108
In order to suffocate someone or choke them to death, what must occur?
Hyoid Bone must be broken
109
Trachea
Windpipe; Split into Primary, Secondary, and tertiary Bronchioles
110
Glottis
Opening between the vocal cords and opens into the Larynx
111
The esophagus is posterior to the
Larynx
112
Epiglottis
Keeps food in the esophagus instead of going down the larynx
113
An increase in Thoracic Volume results in
a decrease in intrapulmonary pressure
114
What is the normal Arterial pH
7.4 +-.05
115
Bicarbonate is a buffer in the blood, meaning
You can add H+ Ions without changing the pH
116
In hyperventilation, the pH
Falls below 7.35
| Respiratory Acidosis
117
In Hypoventilation, the pH
Respiraory Alkalosis
118
What are the 4 sphincters in the Digestive Tract?
Oral Sphincter
Cardiac Sphincter
Pyloric Sphincter
Ileocecal Sphincter
119
3 areas of the Small Intestine
Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum
120
Digestion
Break large molecules into small ones w/ hydrolysis
