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Human Physiology 2234 > Unit 3 Muscle Physiology > Flashcards

Unit 3 Muscle Physiology Flashcards

(72 cards)

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1
Q

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

A

ER of the Muscle Cells

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2
Q

Sarcoplasm

A

Cytoplasm of Muscle Cells

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3
Q

Sarcolemma

A

Plasma Membrane of Muscle Cells

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4
Q

Thick Filaments are made of

A

Myosin (200-500 Molecules)

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5
Q

Thin Filaments are made of

A

Two intertwined strands of Actin

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6
Q

What covers the Actin filaments?

A

Tropomyosin

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7
Q

Elastic Filaments

A

Titin

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8
Q

What is the function of Titin?

A

Anchor each thick filament to the Z Disk

Prevent overstretching of the Sarcomere

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9
Q

What are the contractile Proteins in a Muscle fiber?

A

Myosin and Actin

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10
Q

What are the regulatory proteins in Muscle Fibers?

A

Tropomyosin and Troponin

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11
Q

What is the switch that starts and stops the shortening of Muscle fibers?

A

Troponin and Tropomyosin

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12
Q

True or False: In order for muscle contraction to occur, Thin and Thick filaments must overlap

A

True

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13
Q

How do muscle cells shorten?

A

Because their individual sarcomeres shorten
Pulling Z discs closer together
Pulls on Sarcolemma

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14
Q

What is a motor Unit?

A

A Motor Neuron and the muscle fibers it innervates

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15
Q

Neuromuscular Junction

A

Functional connection between nerve fiver and muscle cells

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16
Q

What are the components of a Neuromuscular Junction?

A

Synaptic Knob filled with Ach
Junctional Folds (Increase Surface Area)
Synaptic Cleft
Basal Lamina

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17
Q

Pesticides are what type of Neuromuscular Toxin?

A

Cholinesterase Inhibitor

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18
Q

What type of Neuromuscular Toxin is Tetanus?

A

Spastic Paralysis caused by toxin of Clostridium bacteria

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19
Q

What is the function of Curare?

A

Faccid Paralysis (Limp Muscles) inhibits Ach and can cause Respiratory arrest

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20
Q

What four actions are involved in Muscle Relaxation and Contraction?

A

Excitation
Excitation-Contraction Coupling
Contraction
Relaxation

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21
Q

Contraction

A

Power Stroke

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22
Q

Power Stroke

A

Myosin head releases ADP and Phosphate as it flexes pulling the thin filament past the thick filament.
When ATP binds again, myosin extends to attach to new active site

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23
Q

How is slippage prevented in the Power Stroke?

A

Half of the heads are bound to a thin filament at one time

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24
Q

True or False: Thin and Thick filaments get shorter as contraction occurs?

A

False: they do not get shorter, they just slide past each other (Sliding Filament Theory)

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25
What occurs during Muscle Relaxation
Nerve stimulation ceases and Acetylcholinesterase removes Ach from receptors. Stimulation of the muscle cell ceases
26
What is the role of Acetylcholinesterase?
Removes Ach from receptors
27
True or False: ATP is not needed for Muscle Relaxation:
False: ATP is required for contraction AND Relaxation
28
True or False: ATP is not needed for Muscle Relaxation:
False: ATP is required for contraction AND Relaxation
29
Reabsorption of Calcium Ions by the Sarcoplasmic reticulum
Relaxation
30
The Loss of Calcium from the Sarcoplasm moves the Troponin-Tropomyosin Complex over the active sites results in what?
Stops the production or maintenance of Tension
31
In relaxation, the muscle fiber returns to its original resting length. Why?
Recoil of series-elastic components and contraction of antagonistic muscles
32
Rigor Mortis
Stiffening of the body beginning 3-4 hours after death
33
Length-Tension Relationship
Overly contracted muscles Too Stretched Muscles Optimum Resting length
34
Overly contracted muscles result in
Weak Contraction
35
Too stretched muscles result in
Weak Contraction
36
Optimum resting length in muscle contraction results in
Greatest force produced
37
In the Latent period of a Twitch contraction, How long is the delay?
2 Milliseconds
38
What are the Phases of a Twitch contraction?
Latent Period Contraction Phase Relaxation Phase
39
Recruitment and Stimulus Intensity
Stimulating the whole nerve with higher and higher voltage produces stronger contractions
40
What happens during recruitment?
More Motor Units are being
41
What happens during recruitment?
More Motor Units are being recruited
42
When multiple motor units are being recruited?
Multiple Motor Unit Summation
43
Example of Multiple Motor Unit summation
Lift a glass of milk vs. Whole Gallon
44
Incomplete Tetanus
Shaking muscles when being used (20-40 Stimuli/sec) Generates gradually more strength of Contraction
45
Complete Tetanus
When the muscle is completely being used with no strength left to give. (40-50 Stimuli/sec)
46
Complete Tetanus
When the muscle is completely being used with no strength left to give. (40-50 Stimuli/sec)
47
Isometric Muscle Contraction
Muscle develops tension but does not shorten (No Movement)
48
Concentric Isotonic Muscle Contraction
Muscle Shortens, Tension remains constant**Movement)
49
Eccentric Isotonic Muscle Contraction
Muscle Lengthens while maintaining tension with Movement
50
What is the difference between Isotonic and Isometric Muscle contraction?
Isometric involves no movement | Isotonic involves movement
51
All Muscle contraction depends on
ATP
52
What are the two pathways of ATP Synthesis?
Anaerobic Fermentation | Aerobic Respiration
53
Anaerobic Fermentation
ATP Production is limited because without oxygen, the muscles produce Lactic Acid
54
Aerobic Respiration
More ATP is produced because it requires continuous O2 Supply and produces H2O and CO2
55
In short, intense exercise, how is oxygen supplied?
By Myoglobin
56
Phosphagen System
Results in enough power for 1 Minute brisk walk or 6 seconds of sprinting
57
Phosphagen System
Results in enough power for 1 Minute brisk walk or 6 seconds of sprinting
58
With Short-term energy needs, what occurs?
Glycogen-Lactic Acid system takes over
59
How long does the Glycogen-Lactic Acid system work?
Produces ATP for 30-40 seconds of maximum activity
60
How long does the Glycogen-Lactic Acid system work?
Produces ATP for 30-40 seconds of maximum activity
61
For Long-Term energy needs, what is required?
Aerobic Respiration
62
After 40 seconds of exercise, what is needed?
Respiratory and cardiovascular systems must deliver enough oxygen for aerobic respiration
63
How are long-term energy limits set in muscles?
Depletion of glycogen and blood glucose, loss of fluid and electrolytes
64
Fatigue
Progressive weakness from use
65
You are presented with the following states. What is the result: -ATP synthesis declines as glycogen is consumed -sodium-potassium pumps fail to maintain membrane potential and excitability -lactic acid inhibits enzyme function accumulation of extracellular K+ hyperpolarizes the cell -motor nerve fibers use up their acetylcholine
Fatigue
66
Oxygen Debt
Heavy Breathing after strenuous exercise | Excess Postexercise Oxygen Consumption (EPOC)
67
Slow Oxidative, Slow twitch fibers
More Mitochondria, Myoglobin, and capillaries Adapted for aerobic respiration and resistant to fatigue Soleus and postural Muscles of the back
68
Fast Glycolytic, Fast Twitch fibers
Rich in enzymes for phosphagen and glycogen-lactic acid systems -Sarcoplasmic Reticulum releases calcium quickly so contractions are quicker
69
what type of fibers are in white meat of chicken?
Slow-Twitch
70
What type of fibers are in dark meat of chicken?
Fast-Twitch
71
At what rate does the Sarcoplasmic reticulum release calcium in Fast-Twitch fibers?
7.5 milliseconds/twitch
72
Examples (Muscles) of Fast-Twitch Fibers
Extraocular eye muscles, gastrocnemius, and Biceps Brachii

Human Physiology 2234 (10 decks)

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