Unit 1 Lab Flashcards
1
Q
What are the four primary tissue types?
A
Epithelial Connective Muscular Neural
2
Q
How are Epithelia classified?
A
According to # of Layers (Simple or Stratified) Cell Shape
3
Q
What are the 3 Epithelial Cell Shapes?
A
Squamous Cuboidal Columnar
4
Q
Where are the Simple Squamous Epithelial cells located?
A
Lining of Ventral Cavities Lining of blood vessels Alveoli
5
Q
What is the function of Simple Squamous Epithelial Cells?
A
Nutrient and Gas Exchange Friction Reduction
6
Q
Where are stratified squamous Epithelial Cells located?
A
Skin Surface, Entrances/exits of body
7
Q
What is the function of Stratified Squamous Epithelial Cells?
A
Protection (against abrasion, pathogens, and chemicals)
8
Q
Where are Simple Cuboidal Epithelial Cells located?
A
Glands (Salivary, Pancreas, Thyroid) Kidney Tubules
9
Q
What is the function of Simple Cuboidal Epithelial Cells?
A
Secretion Absorption
10
Q
What is the location of Simple Columnar Epithelium
A
Many Excretory ducts Digestive System
11
Q
What is the function of Simple Columnar Epithelium
A
Secretion Absorption
12
Q
Pseudostratified Ciliated Epithelium
A
Respiratory Tract except for lungs
13
Q
Transitional Epithelium Location
A
Bladder, Ureters, Renal Pelvis
14
Q
Transitional Epithelium Function
A
Extreme Expansion and Recoil
15
Q
Transitional Epithelium Function
A
Extreme Expansion and Recoil
16
Q
what are the Connective Tissue Fibers?
A
Collagen, Reticular, Elastic
17
Q
What are the Structural Characteristics of Connective Tissue
A
Specialized Cells Matrix (Proteins Fibers, Minerals, Water)
18
Q
What are the Functions of Connective Tissue
A
Structural framework for body Transport of fluids and dissolved materials Support and protection for organs Support, protection and interconnecting other tissue types Energy storage Defense
19
Q
Connective Tissue (Proper)
A
Aereolar (Loose) Dense (Regular, Irregular)
20
Q
Fluid Connective Tissue
A
Blood, Lymph
21
Q
Supportive Connective Tissue
A
Cartilage, Bone
22
Q
What are the 3 types of Muscle Tissue
A
Skeletal Cardiac Smooth
23
Q
Types of Cardiac Muscle
A
Involuntary Branched Single Nucleus
24
Q
Types of Smooth Muscle
A
Involuntary Fusiform Single Nucleus Visceral Organs
25
Types of Skeletal Muscle
Voluntary Fibrous Multinucleated
26
Neural Tissue is made of
Neurons and Neuralgia
27
Neurons
Cells Specialized for intercellular communication
28
Neuralgia
Support and Protect Neurons
29
Proprioception
Receptors in all joints (articulations) and muscles that help know the position of joints and which muscles are being contracted
30
What must function properly for good motor skills?
Proprioception and Equilibrium (Send info to the Cerebellum) constantly
31
What do the Utricle and Saccule do?
Give acceleration ( Up and Down) (Back and Forth)
32
Osmosis
Diffusion of Water through a semipermeable membrane
33
Diffusion
Molecules moving from high concentration to low concentration
34
35
Adipose Tissue
36
Blood
37
Bone
38
Cardiac Muscle
39
Dense Irregular Connective Tissue
40
Dense Regular Connective Tissue
41
Elastic Cartilage
42
Fibrocartilage
43
Hyaline Cartilage
44
Loose Connective
45
Loose Reticular Connective Tissue
46
Pseudostratified Epithelium
47
Pseudostratified Epithelium
48
Simple Columnar Epithelium
49
Simple Columnar Epithelium
50
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
51
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
52
Simple Squamous Epithelium
53
Skeletal Muscle
54
Smooth Muscle
55
Stratified Squamous Epithelium
56
Stratified Squamous Epithelium
57
Transitional Epithelium
58
Hypotonic Solution ( And what happens to the cell
Solution which contains higher concentration of water and lower concentration of solutes is called hypotonic solution. Since the concentration of water is higher outside the cell, there is a net movement of water from outside into the cell. Cell gains water, swells and the internal pressure increases
59
Hypertonic Solution (And What happens to the Cell)
since the concentration of solutes is greater outside of the cell than inside. For both human and plant cells, the water will rush out of the cell, and it will shrivel up.
60
Isotonic Solution ( And What happens to the Cell)
When cells are in isotonic solution, movement of water out of the cell is exactly balanced by movement of water into the cell.
61
The Outer portion of the brain is called
The Cerebrum
62
The Folds on the Surface of the Cerebrum are called
Gyri
63
The grooves on the Cerebrum are called
Suculi
64
The Deep groves of the cerebrum are called
Fissures
65
Deep to the Cerebrum is the Diencephalon which contains the
Thalamus and Hypothalamus
66
Deep to the Diencephalon (Between brain and spinal cord is the
Brain Stem
67
The Brain stem consists of 3 parts which are:
Midbrain (Superior)
Pons (Middle)
Medulla Oblongata ( Inferior)
68
The Cerebellum is located
In the Posterior Inferior Aspect of the brain
69
The Cerebrum is divided into
Lobes
70
The Frontal Lobe Processes
Concentration, Planning, Problem Solving, and Motor information
71
The Precentral Gyrus is known as the
Primary Motor Area
72
The Central Sulcus divides
The Frontal and Parietal lobes
73
The Postcentral Gyrus is the primary
Sensory Area
74
The Occipital Lobe processes?
Visual Information
75
The Temporal Lobe processes
Auditory Information
76
The Lateral Sulcus
Separates the temporal lobe from the other lobes
77
78
The cerebellum processes information for
Fine Motor Movement, Coordination, and Proprioception
79
The Insula (Deep to the temporal Lobe) and Deep in the Lateral Sulcus
Involved in consciousness, motor control, homeostasis, and emotions
80
81
The Cerebrum is divided into two hemispheres by
Longitudinal Fissure
82
The Cerebral Hemispheres are connected by
A White Matter bridge called the Corpus Callosum
83
The Diencephalon is inferior to the Corpus Callosum and contains the
Thalamus and Hypothalamus
84
The Thalamus relays sensory information to the _____ and is also involved in \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Cerebrum
Emotions
85
The Hypothalamus regulates
Pituitary Gland Hormone secretion
Regulates body temp, thirst, hunger, sexual drive
Involved in emotion and sleep
86
The Pituitary Gland is connected to the Hypothalamus but is located in:
Sella Turica of the Sphenoid bone
87
Pineal Gland (Posterior portion of the Diencephalon)
Secretes Melatonin which helps regulate sleep
88
The Midbrain contains the
Superior and Inferior Colliculi
89
The Superior and Inferior Colliculi Control
Movement of head towards stimuli and process hearing
90
The pons contains respiratory centers and is involved in
Respiration and Sleep Regulation
91
92
The Medulla Oblongata helps control
Heart Rate, Respiration, Swallowing, Vomiting, and Blood Vessel Diameter
93
The Limbic System
Processes Emotion
94
The limbic system includes
Cingulate Gyrus
Parahippocampal Gyrus
Hippocampus
amygdaloid body
mamillary body
parts of the thalamus
Parts of the hypothalamus
95
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
Clear Fluid that circulates inside and around the brain
96
CSF Function
Shock Absorber
Contains Immune Cells
Helps to regulate cerebral blood flow
97
CSF is produced by the
Choroid Plexus (Vascular Structure)
Circulates in ventricles and around outside of the brain
98
There are ___ Ventricles in the brain
4
99
The 4 Ventricles in the Brain are
2 Lateral Ventricles
3rd Ventricle
4th Ventricle
100
The Lateral Ventricles connect to the third ventricle via
the interventricular foramen
101
The Third ventricle is connected to the fourth ventricle via the
Cerebral Aqueduct
102
The Covering of the brain is called the
Meninges (Membranes)
103
There are 3 layers of Meninges
Dura Mater
Arachnoid Mater
Pia Mater
104
Which meningeal membrane is directly on the brain?
Pia Mater
105
The Space between the arachnoid and Pia mater is called
The Subarachnoid space
106
The Subarachnoid space is filled with
CSF
107
The Choroid plexus produces
CSF
108
Arachnoid Granulations
Absorb CSF
109
How much CSF is produced Daily?
About 500 mL
110
Broca's Area
Involved in language production and comprehension
111
Wernicke's Area
Involved in Speech Recognition
112
A stroke in Broca's area could result in
Aphasia is a language disorder that results from damage to portions of the brain that are responsible for language (Speech) production
113
Broca's Area
a region in the frontal lobe of the dominant hemisphere (usually the left) of the hominid brain with functions linked to speech production
114
A Stroke in Wernicke's area would result in
Aphasia usually occurs suddenly, often as the result of a stroke or head injury, but it may also develop slowly, as in the case of a brain tumor.
loss of ability to understand or express speech, caused by brain damage.
115
The Inner Ear is enclosed within
The Cranial Bone
116
Conduction Deafness
No Vibration Detection
Usually an issue with the Ossicles or the Choclea
117
Sensory Deafness
A result of damage or underdevelopment of the hearing nerves
118
Crossed-Extensor Reflex
a withdrawal reflex. When the reflex occurs the flexors in the withdrawing limb contract and the extensors relax, while in the other limb, the opposite occurs.
119
Muscle Spindles
Stretch receptors embedded in the connective tissue of the muscle and consist of specialized muscle fibers innervated by sensory neurons. They're arrnaged parallel to the normal muscle cells (Extrafusal fibers)
120
The Knee Jerk Reflex
An Ipsilateral monosynaptic Stretch Reflex.
Striking patellar Ligament stretches tendon and Quadriceps femoris
Spindle is stretched activating sensory neuron
Sensory neuron activates alpha motor neuron
Alpha Motoneuron stimulates extrafusal muscle fibers to contract
121
Crossed- Extensor Reflex
Demonstrates Double Reciprocal Innervation
Flexor contracts and extensor relaxes to withdraw foot
Extensor contracts and flexor relaxes in contralateral leg to support weight
122
Plantar Reflex
Elicited by cutaneous receptors of the foot. Big toe flexes downward while others flex and come together. Illustrates proper nerve conduction of pyramidal Motor Tracts
123
Babinski's Sign
When the Great toe extends (Upward) and the other toes fan laterally
Damage to the Pyramidal Motor Tracts will produce this sign
124
125
What are the 4 independent modalities of cutaneous sensations?
Warmth, Cold, Touch, and Pain
126
Structure of Free Nerve Endings
Unmyelinated dendrites of sensory Neurons
127
Sensation of Free Nerve Endings
Light touch; Hot; Cold; Nocioception (Pain)
128
Nocioception
Pain
129
Merkel's Discs Structure
Expanded Dendritic Endings associated w/ 50-70 specialized cells
130
Merkel's Discs Sensation
Sustained touch and indented depth
131
Location of Free Nerve Endings
Around Hair follicles: Throughout skin
132
Merkel's Disc Location
Base of epidermis (Stratum Basale)
133
Ruffini Corpuscle (Endings) Structure
Enlarged Dendritic endings within open, elongated capsule
134
Ruffini's Corpuscle Sensation
Skin Stretch
135
Ruffini Corpuscle Location
Deep in Dermis and Hypodermis
136
Meisner's Corpuscle Structure
Dendrites encapsulated in connective tissue
137
Meisner's Corpuscle Sensation
Changes in Texture (Slow Vibration)
138
Meisner's Corpuscle Location
Upper Dermis (Papillary Layer)
139
Pacinian Corpuscles Structure
Dendrites encapsulated by concentric lamellae of connective tissue structures
140
Pacinian Corpuscles Sensation
Deep Pressure; Fast Vibrations
141
142
Pacinian Corpuscle Location
Deep in Dermis
143
Somatosensory Cortex
The Density of touch receptor in some parts of the body is greater than in other parts
They correspond to different regions of the body of different sizes
144
Motor Cortex
Areas of the body which have the largest density of touch receptors also receive the greatest motor innervation
145
Two-Point Threshold Test
The density of touch receptors is measured by this exam
The 2 points of a pair of adjustable calipers are simultaneously placed on the subject's skin with equal pressure, and they are asked if the 2 separate points are felt. If they say no, they are brought closer together until they only feel one. The minimum distance is the 2 point threshold.
146
Referred Pain
Due to damage in a visceral organ producing pain that is perceived at a different location towards the body surface.
147
True or False: Organs have sensory Neurons
False: They do not, so referred pain is usually the result of an issue in the corresponding organ.
148
Sensory information from the cutaneous receptors projects to the
Postcentral Gyrus
Direct electrical stimulation of the postcentral gyrus produces the same sensations as those felt when the cutaneous receptors are stimulated.
149
Sensory Adaptation
Receptors respond strongly to acute changes in environment and then stop responding when those stimuli become constant.
150
In ischemic heart disease, the reffered pain is in
The Left Pectoral region, left arm, and shoulder area (Angina Pectoris)
151
A referred pain under the right scapula may be caused by a
Gallstone when the gallbladder contracts
152
Vestibular Apparatus
Located in the inner ear above the cochlea; consists of 3 semicircular canals, utricle, and saccule.
153
Meneiere's disease
Ringing of the ears or tinnitus; Vestibuar nystagmus is one of the symptoms; Occurs because the endolymph of the cochlea and the endolymph of the vestibular apparatus are continuous through a tiny canal.
154
Vertigo may be accompanied by
Dizziness
155
