Digestion Part 1 Flashcards
1
Q
parts of alimentary canal (GI tract)
A
- mouth
- pharynx
- esophagus
- stomach
- small intestine
- large intestine
- digests and absorbs food
2
Q
-accesory digestive organs=
A
teeth, tongue, gallbladder, salivary glands, liver, and pancreas
3
Q
6 steps of ingestion
A
1. Ingestion Taking food in 2. Propulsion (peristalsis) Swallowing and peristalsis Wave contraction and relaxation of muscles in organ walls 3. Mechanical digestion Chewing, mixing, and churning food 4. Chemical digestion Catabolic breakdown 5. Absorption Move nutrients from Gi tract to venous blood/lymph 6. Defecation
4
Q
is Chemical digestion catabolic or anabolic
A
Catabolic breakdown
5
Q
Mechanical and chemical regulation of digestion
A
- Stretch receiptors
- Osmolarity
- Presence of substrate in the lumen
6
Q
- nerve plexuses near GI tract initiate _______
- mediated by the gut
A
short reflexes
7
Q
Extrinsic controls involve _______ and autonomic nerves
A
CNS
8
Q
which reflex
- comes from within or outside GI tract
- involves CNS centeres and autonomic nerves
A
lng reflex
9
Q
- serous membrane of abdominal cavity
A
Peritoneum
10
Q
lines the body wall
A
Parietal peritoenum-
11
Q
a mesentery has how many layers?
A
2
12
Q
what does a mesentery do?
A
- Provides vascular and nerve supply to viscera
2. Holds digestive organs in place and stores fat
13
Q
Retroperitoneal Structures
A
Kidneys and adrenals Bladder and urters Portions of duodenum Portions of colon Inferior vena cava Part of pancreas Aorta
14
Q
Splanchnic circulation
A
blood flow to GI organs
-spleen, liver, and stomach, small and large intestines
15
Q
Hepatic Portal Circulation:
A
- carries nutrient rich venous blood away from digestive organs
- delivers blood to liver for metabolic processing and storage
16
Q
4 Tunic of GI tract
A
- Mucosa
- Submucosa
- Muscularis externa
- Serosa
17
Q
Inner most layer/tunic
Moist epithelial
Lines lumens of GI tract
A
. Mucosa
18
Q
what is the major functions of the mucosa layer of the GI tract?
A
Secretes mucus
Absorbs end products of digestions
Protects against infectious disease
19
Q
what are the 3 sublayers of the mucosa layer?
A
- Epitelieul lining
- Lamina Propria
- Muscularis Mucoasae
20
Q
- Has goblet cells- make mucus
- Eases food along GI tract
- Protects organs
A
Epiteliul lining of mucosa layret
21
Q
- Loose areolar and reticular connective tissue
- Nourishes and absorbs nutrients
- Lymph nodes (defend against bacteria)
- Part of MALT (mucosa associated lymphatic tissue)
A
Lamina Propria of mucosa tunic
22
Q
-Part of MALT (mucosa associated lymphatic tissue)
A
Lamina Propria of mucosa tunic
23
Q
-Smooth muscle cells that produce local movement of mucosa
A
Muscularis Mucosae of mucosa layer
24
Q
which stomach lining/tunic is
- dense connective tissue
- elastic fibers, blood/lymph vessels, lymph nodes, and nerves
A
submucosa
25
which GI tract tunic
- protective visceral peritoneum
- retroperitoneal organs and serosa
- smooth membrane, thin layer of cells
- excrete serous fluids
- fluid reduces friction with movement
serosa/serous membrane
26
-oral cavity-=
lips, cheeks, palate, tobuge
27
-gums, hard palate, and tongue are slightly ___________
keratinized
28
- plaatine bones and palatine process of the maxillae
- assits tongue in chewing
- slightly corrugated (Has grooves)
Hard palate
29
- mobile- skeletal muscles
- closses off the nasopharynx during swallowing
- uvula projects down from it
-soft palate
30
two plates of the skull that form the hard palate are not completely joined
cleft palate
31
complete vs incomplete palate
- complete cleft palate= soft and hard palate
| - incomplete cleft palate= hole in the roof of the mouth (usually the soft palate)
32
functions of tongue
1. Gripping and repositioning food during chewing
2. Mixing food with saliva and forming the bolus
3. Initiation of swallowing and speech
33
intrinsic or extrinsic muscles change the tongue shape
intrinsic
34
-extrinsic or intrinsic muscles alter tongue position
extrinsic
35
4 Papillae of tongue
Filliform
Fungiform
Circumvallate
Foliate
36
which papillae Provide roughness and friction
Cat tongue
No taste function
filliform
37
which papillae Scattered over tongue
| Redish hue
Fungiform
38
which papillae form the V-shaped row on back of tongue
Circumvallate
39
which papillae are on the aide of the tongue
Foliate
40
groove on back of tongue
sulcus terinalis=
41
which tongue nerves sense pain
IX - in the back (9)
| V- in the front (5)
42
which tongue nerves sense taste
- IX in the back (9)
- X in the back (10)
- VII in the front (7)
43
role of salivary glands
- clanse mouth
- moistena nd dissolvefood chemicals
- bolus formation
- enxymes to break down starch
44
_____ salivary glands- all over the mouth
| -keep mouth moist
intrinsic
45
__________ salivaty glands (all have ducts and turn on and off)
-produce enzyme rich saliva
extrinsic
46
which salivary gland is
- anteroir to ear
- duct opens into vestibule
parotid gland
47
- below mandible
| - duct opents at lingual frenulum
submandibular salivary gland
48
- under tongue
| - opens via 10-12 ducts on floor of mouth
. Sublingual
49
-contests of saliva
Electrolytes
Digestive enzymes
Proteins
Metabolic waster
50
-exposed part above the surface of gum
crown of tooth
51
acellular and brittle part of tooth but hardest substance of body
-enamel-
52
part of tooth that is embedded in jawbone
-root=
53
_________ ligament- anchors tooth in the alveolus of jaw
-periodontal
54
the periodontal ligament -form the fibrous joint called a _________
gomphios
55
bonelike material deep to the enamel cap; bulk of tooth
dentin=
56
cavity surrounded by dentin
-pulp cavity=
57
part of tooth full of connective tissue, blood vessels, and nerves
-pulp=
58
portion of the pulp cavity extends to root of tooth
-root canal=
59
what cells secrete and maintain dentin during life
-odontoblasts=
60
-passage of food and fluids to esophagus
Pharynx
61
what is the pharynx lined with
stratified squamous epithelium and mucus glands
62
-muscular tube going from layrngopharyuns to stomach
Esohpagus
63
the esophagus goes through what structure?
-goes through diaphragm
64
protrusion of upper part of stomach into thorax through a tear or a weak diaphragm
-hiatal hernia=
65
sphincter moves above the diaphragm (slides)
-sliding vital hernia=
66
part of stomach herniates through without movement of the sphincter
-rolling hiatal hernia-
67
enzyme in saliva that breakdown starch/carbs in mouth
-amylase-
68
-chemical breakdown of protein starts in
stomach
69
Duglutition=
Swallowing
70
bucual phase of swallowing is voluntary or invoulnatary
=voluntary
71
pharyngeal phase of swallowing is voluntary or involuntary?
involuntary; controlled by medulla and lower pons
72
pylorus leads to the duodenum of SI via the ______sphincter
pyloric
73
additional oblique muscle layer of stomach that churns and pummels food
muscularis=
74
_______cells of stomach produce alkaline mucus
goblet
75
glands of the stomach
1. mucous neck cells= secrete acid mucus
2. parietal cells secrete HCL acid and intrinsic factor (for vitamin B12 absorption)
3. chief cells= produce pepsinogen
- pepsingoen activated to pepsin by HCL in stomach and pesin itself via positive feedback
4. enteroendorcine cells= secrete gastrin, histamine, endorphins, serotining, CCK
76
what gland of the stomach secrets secrete acid mucus
-mucous neck cells
77
what stomach gland secrete HCL acid and intrinsic factor (for vitamin B12 absorption)
parietal cells
78
-_____cells= produce pepsinogen
chief
79
____________ cells= secrete gastrin, histamine, endorphins, serotining, CCK
enteroendorcine
80
-horome that stimulates HCL production in stomach by parietal cells
Gastrin
81
-gastrin release stimulate by:
Stomach distensions
Vagal stimulation
Partially digested proteins in stomach
Hypercalcemia
82
-gastring release inhibited by:
```
Acid in stomach (negative feedback)
Secretin
GIP
Glucagon
Calcitonin
```
83
stomach lining mechanisms to protect against pathogens
1. bicarbonate push mucus on stomach wall
2. Tight junctions formed by epithelial cells
3, Gastric gland cells impermeable to HCL
84
-stomach secretes _________________- required for absorption of B12
intrinsic factor
85
Regulation of gastric secretions:
1. Cephalic reflex (head)
2. gastric phase
3. intestinal phase
86
____________ reflex- regulates gastric emptying
-enterogastri
