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Z-Anatomy 3 > Digestion Part 1 > Flashcards

Digestion Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

parts of alimentary canal (GI tract)

A
  • mouth
    • pharynx
    • esophagus
    • stomach
    • small intestine
    • large intestine
    • digests and absorbs food
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2
Q

-accesory digestive organs=

A

teeth, tongue, gallbladder, salivary glands, liver, and pancreas

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3
Q

6 steps of ingestion

A 
1. Ingestion
Taking food in
2. Propulsion (peristalsis)
Swallowing and peristalsis
Wave contraction and relaxation of muscles in organ walls
3. Mechanical digestion
Chewing, mixing, and churning food
4. Chemical digestion
Catabolic breakdown
5. Absorption
Move nutrients from Gi tract to venous blood/lymph 
6. Defecation
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4
Q

is Chemical digestion catabolic or anabolic

A

Catabolic breakdown

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5
Q

Mechanical and chemical regulation of digestion

A
  1. Stretch receiptors
  2. Osmolarity
  3. Presence of substrate in the lumen
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6
Q
  • nerve plexuses near GI tract initiate _______

- mediated by the gut

A

short reflexes

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7
Q

Extrinsic controls involve _______ and autonomic nerves

A

CNS

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8
Q

which reflex

  • comes from within or outside GI tract
  • involves CNS centeres and autonomic nerves
A

lng reflex

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9
Q
  • serous membrane of abdominal cavity
A

Peritoneum

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10
Q

lines the body wall

A

Parietal peritoenum-

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11
Q

a mesentery has how many layers?

A

2

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12
Q

what does a mesentery do?

A
  1. Provides vascular and nerve supply to viscera

2. Holds digestive organs in place and stores fat

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13
Q

Retroperitoneal Structures

A 
Kidneys and adrenals
Bladder and urters
Portions of duodenum
Portions of colon
Inferior vena cava
Part of pancreas
Aorta
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14
Q

Splanchnic circulation

A

blood flow to GI organs

-spleen, liver, and stomach, small and large intestines

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15
Q

Hepatic Portal Circulation:

A
  • carries nutrient rich venous blood away from digestive organs
  • delivers blood to liver for metabolic processing and storage
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16
Q

4 Tunic of GI tract

A
  1. Mucosa
  2. Submucosa
  3. Muscularis externa
  4. Serosa
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17
Q

Inner most layer/tunic
Moist epithelial
Lines lumens of GI tract

A

. Mucosa

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18
Q

what is the major functions of the mucosa layer of the GI tract?

A

Secretes mucus
Absorbs end products of digestions
Protects against infectious disease

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19
Q

what are the 3 sublayers of the mucosa layer?

A
  1. Epitelieul lining
  2. Lamina Propria
  3. Muscularis Mucoasae
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20
Q
  • Has goblet cells- make mucus
  • Eases food along GI tract
  • Protects organs
A

Epiteliul lining of mucosa layret

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21
Q
  • Loose areolar and reticular connective tissue
  • Nourishes and absorbs nutrients
  • Lymph nodes (defend against bacteria)
  • Part of MALT (mucosa associated lymphatic tissue)
A

Lamina Propria of mucosa tunic

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22
Q

-Part of MALT (mucosa associated lymphatic tissue)

A

Lamina Propria of mucosa tunic

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23
Q

-Smooth muscle cells that produce local movement of mucosa

A

Muscularis Mucosae of mucosa layer

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24
Q

which stomach lining/tunic is

  • dense connective tissue
  • elastic fibers, blood/lymph vessels, lymph nodes, and nerves
A

submucosa

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25
Q

which GI tract tunic

  • protective visceral peritoneum
  • retroperitoneal organs and serosa
  • smooth membrane, thin layer of cells
  • excrete serous fluids
  • fluid reduces friction with movement
A

serosa/serous membrane

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26
Q

-oral cavity-=

A

lips, cheeks, palate, tobuge

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27
Q

-gums, hard palate, and tongue are slightly ___________

A

keratinized

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28
Q
  • plaatine bones and palatine process of the maxillae
    • assits tongue in chewing
    • slightly corrugated (Has grooves)
A

Hard palate

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29
Q
  • mobile- skeletal muscles
    • closses off the nasopharynx during swallowing
    • uvula projects down from it
A

-soft palate

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30
Q

two plates of the skull that form the hard palate are not completely joined

A

cleft palate

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31
Q

complete vs incomplete palate

A
  • complete cleft palate= soft and hard palate

- incomplete cleft palate= hole in the roof of the mouth (usually the soft palate)

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32
Q

functions of tongue

A
  1. Gripping and repositioning food during chewing
  2. Mixing food with saliva and forming the bolus
  3. Initiation of swallowing and speech
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33
Q

intrinsic or extrinsic muscles change the tongue shape

A

intrinsic

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34
Q

-extrinsic or intrinsic muscles alter tongue position

A

extrinsic

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35
Q

4 Papillae of tongue

A

Filliform
Fungiform
Circumvallate

Foliate

36
Q

which papillae Provide roughness and friction
Cat tongue
No taste function

A

filliform

37
Q

which papillae Scattered over tongue

Redish hue

A

Fungiform

38
Q

which papillae form the V-shaped row on back of tongue

A

Circumvallate

39
Q

which papillae are on the aide of the tongue

A

Foliate

40
Q

groove on back of tongue

A

sulcus terinalis=

41
Q

which tongue nerves sense pain

A

IX - in the back (9)

V- in the front (5)

42
Q

which tongue nerves sense taste

A
  • IX in the back (9)
  • X in the back (10)
  • VII in the front (7)
43
Q

role of salivary glands

A
  • clanse mouth
    • moistena nd dissolvefood chemicals
    • bolus formation
    • enxymes to break down starch
44
Q

_____ salivary glands- all over the mouth

-keep mouth moist

A

intrinsic

45
Q

__________ salivaty glands (all have ducts and turn on and off)
-produce enzyme rich saliva

A

extrinsic

46
Q

which salivary gland is

  • anteroir to ear
    - duct opens into vestibule
A

parotid gland

47
Q
  • below mandible

- duct opents at lingual frenulum

A

submandibular salivary gland

48
Q
  • under tongue

- opens via 10-12 ducts on floor of mouth

A

. Sublingual

49
Q

-contests of saliva

A

Electrolytes
Digestive enzymes
Proteins
Metabolic waster

50
Q

-exposed part above the surface of gum

A

crown of tooth

51
Q

acellular and brittle part of tooth but hardest substance of body

A

-enamel-

52
Q

part of tooth that is embedded in jawbone

A

-root=

53
Q

_________ ligament- anchors tooth in the alveolus of jaw

A

-periodontal

54
Q

the periodontal ligament -form the fibrous joint called a _________

A

gomphios

55
Q

bonelike material deep to the enamel cap; bulk of tooth

A

dentin=

56
Q

cavity surrounded by dentin

A

-pulp cavity=

57
Q

part of tooth full of connective tissue, blood vessels, and nerves

A

-pulp=

58
Q

portion of the pulp cavity extends to root of tooth

A

-root canal=

59
Q

what cells secrete and maintain dentin during life

A

-odontoblasts=

60
Q

-passage of food and fluids to esophagus

A

Pharynx

61
Q

what is the pharynx lined with

A

stratified squamous epithelium and mucus glands

62
Q

-muscular tube going from layrngopharyuns to stomach

A

Esohpagus

63
Q

the esophagus goes through what structure?

A

-goes through diaphragm

64
Q

protrusion of upper part of stomach into thorax through a tear or a weak diaphragm

A

-hiatal hernia=

65
Q

sphincter moves above the diaphragm (slides)

A

-sliding vital hernia=

66
Q

part of stomach herniates through without movement of the sphincter

A

-rolling hiatal hernia-

67
Q

enzyme in saliva that breakdown starch/carbs in mouth

A

-amylase-

68
Q

-chemical breakdown of protein starts in

A

stomach

69
Q

Duglutition=

A

Swallowing

70
Q

bucual phase of swallowing is voluntary or invoulnatary

A

=voluntary

71
Q

pharyngeal phase of swallowing is voluntary or involuntary?

A

involuntary; controlled by medulla and lower pons

72
Q

pylorus leads to the duodenum of SI via the ______sphincter

A

pyloric

73
Q

additional oblique muscle layer of stomach that churns and pummels food

A

muscularis=

74
Q

_______cells of stomach produce alkaline mucus

A

goblet

75
Q

glands of the stomach

A
  1. mucous neck cells= secrete acid mucus
  2. parietal cells secrete HCL acid and intrinsic factor (for vitamin B12 absorption)
  3. chief cells= produce pepsinogen
    • pepsingoen activated to pepsin by HCL in stomach and pesin itself via positive feedback
  4. enteroendorcine cells= secrete gastrin, histamine, endorphins, serotining, CCK
76
Q

what gland of the stomach secrets secrete acid mucus

A

-mucous neck cells

77
Q

what stomach gland secrete HCL acid and intrinsic factor (for vitamin B12 absorption)

A

parietal cells

78
Q

-_____cells= produce pepsinogen

A

chief

79
Q

____________ cells= secrete gastrin, histamine, endorphins, serotining, CCK

A

enteroendorcine

80
Q

-horome that stimulates HCL production in stomach by parietal cells

A

Gastrin

81
Q

-gastrin release stimulate by:

A

Stomach distensions
Vagal stimulation
Partially digested proteins in stomach
Hypercalcemia

82
Q

-gastring release inhibited by:

A 
Acid in stomach (negative feedback)
Secretin
GIP
Glucagon
Calcitonin
83
Q

stomach lining mechanisms to protect against pathogens

A
  1. bicarbonate push mucus on stomach wall
  2. Tight junctions formed by epithelial cells
    3, Gastric gland cells impermeable to HCL
84
Q

-stomach secretes _________________- required for absorption of B12

A

intrinsic factor

85
Q

Regulation of gastric secretions:

A
  1. Cephalic reflex (head)
  2. gastric phase
  3. intestinal phase
86
Q

____________ reflex- regulates gastric emptying

A

-enterogastri

Z-Anatomy 3 (10 decks)

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