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z-anatomy 3 > Nutrition and Metabolism > Flashcards

Nutrition and Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

what is deamination?

A

Deamination is the removal of an amino group from a molecule

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2
Q

essential amino acids

A

histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine.

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3
Q

Two Essential Fatty Acids

A
  1. Linoleic (LA)= omega 6
    (Vegetable oil, sunflower oil, cottonseed oil)
  2. Alpha Linolenic (ALA)= omega 3
    Mustard seed oil, flax, walnut, fish and shellfish
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4
Q

Functions of glucagon

A
  1. glucagon promotes breakdown of glycogen to glucose (glycogenolysis),
  2. promotes glucose synthesis (gluconeogenesis),
  3. inhibits glycogen formation and thus mobilizes export of glucose into the circulation.
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5
Q

Functions of insulin

A
  • regulates glucose levels in the bloodstream

- induces glucose storage in the liver, muscles, and adipose tissue

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6
Q

-GLP 1

A

and serotonin make us feel full and satisfied

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7
Q

Glycogenesis

A

formation of glycogen when glucose supplies exceed cellular need for STP synthesis

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8
Q

glycogenolysis

A

breakdown of glycogen in response to low blood sugar

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9
Q

Glycolysis

A

breakdown of glucose into pyretic acid (1st step of cellular respiration before kreb cycle)

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10
Q

Ketogenesis

A

making of ketones by breaking down fatty acids and ketogenic amino acids

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11
Q

3 ketone bodies

A
  1. Acetoacetate
  2. Acetone
  3. Beta hydroxybutryate
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12
Q

Lipogenesis

A

excess dietary glucose and fatty acids are stored as triglycerides
-making fat

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13
Q

what organ synthesizes lipoproteins for transport of cholesterol and fats

A

liver

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14
Q

lipoproteins transport what?

A

cholesterol and fat

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15
Q

what hormone suppresses secretion of neuropeptide Y

A

leptin

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16
Q

causes cravings for carbs

A

neuropeptide Y

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17
Q

causes cravings for carbs

A

neuropeptide Y

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18
Q

enhance appetite

A

-orexins=

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19
Q

fat cravings

A

galanin=

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20
Q

3 events of protein metabolism

A
  1. transamination
  2. oxidative deamination (remove amino acid group)
  3. keto acid modification
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21
Q

deaminated amino acids are converted into

A
  1. pyruvic acid

2. one of the keto acid intermediates of the Krebs cycle

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22
Q

switching of an amine group from an amino acid

…to a keto acid [usually -ketoglutaric acid of the Krebs cycle]

A

transamination

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23
Q

___________ enhances facilitated diffusion of glucose into tissue

A

insulin

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24
Q

most abundant dietary lipids= _____________ (found in animal and plant foods)

A

triglycerides

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25
Q

what function as coenzymes (especially B vitamins)

A

vigtamins

26
Q

your body makes what vitmains

A

body makes D,K, and B

27
Q

B12 needs_________ to be absorbed in ileum of small intestine

A

intrinsic factor

28
Q

fat soluble vitamins

A

fat soluble= A, D, E, K

29
Q

food broken down within the cells and some of the energy leads to ATP

A

cellular respiration

30
Q

-anabolic=

A

growth, from small to large molecules

31
Q

catabolic

A

breakdown from large to small

32
Q

_________ shift the phosphate group of ATP to other molecules

A

-enzymes

33
Q

added a phosphate group to something

A

phosphorylated=

34
Q

________ and ________ rely almost entirely on glucose for energy

A

neurons and RBCs

35
Q

extra glucose is converted to___________ or fat and stored

A

glycogen

36
Q

need____ carbs/day

A

100g

37
Q

4 Glucose Pathways

A
  1. Glycolosis
  2. Preparatory reaction
  3. Citric acid (Krebs) cycle
  4. Electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation
38
Q

enzyme that synthesizes ATP

A

ATP synthesize

39
Q

what creates a pH gradient and generates a voltage gradient

A

-electrochemical proton gradient

40
Q

movement of hydrogen (H) across membrane

A

-chemiosmosis=

41
Q

_____ fuel hepatocytes and skeletal muscle

A

fats

42
Q

____ make up myelin sheath and cell membrane

A

-fats

43
Q

-fat in adipose tissue provides

A
  1. Protectors organs
  2. Insulates skin
  3. Storage for later energy use
44
Q

what hormone is derived from fat, found in all tissues and organs, and synthesized from essential fatty acids

A

prostaglandin

45
Q

Functions of prostaglandin’s

A
  1. Smooth muscle contraction
  2. Controls blood pressure
  3. Inflammation
46
Q

-most fats are transported in lymph as ____________

A

chylomicrons

47
Q

2 Pathways of Fat Metabolism

A
  1. Glycerol pathway

2. Fatty acid pathway (beta oxidation)

48
Q

which pathways is this:
Glycerol converted into glyceraldehyde phosphate
Then converted into CoA
Acetyl CoA enters kern cycle

A

glycerol pathway

49
Q

Undergo beta oxidation
Leads to 2 carbon acid fragments which enter Kreb cycle
Reduced coenzymes which enter the electron chain transport

A

fatty acid pathway

50
Q

___________ necessary for oxidation of fat

A

oxaloacetic acid

51
Q

________synthesizes lipoproteins for transport of cholesterol and fats

A

liver

52
Q

what organ -synthesizes cholesterol for CoA

A

liver

53
Q

structural basis of bile salts, steroid hormone, vitamin D

A

cholesterol

54
Q

_____________ makes up part of hedgehog molecule that directs embryonic development

A

cholesterol

55
Q

which cholesterol -transport excess cholesterol from peripheral tissue to the liver

A

HDL (protein dominated)

56
Q

which cholesterol -transport cholestoel to peripheral tissue and regular cholesterol synthesis

A

LDL

57
Q

which cholesterol -transport triglycerides to peripheral tissue

A

VLDL

58
Q

-all or none rule (amino acids)

A

= all amino acids need to be present at the same time for protein synthesis to happen

59
Q

amino acids must be_________ prior to oxidation for energy

A

deaminated

60
Q

deaminated

A

amino group is removed from amino acid and converted into ammonia
-deaminated amino acids converted into pyretic acid —> Kreb cycle

61
Q

oxidative deamination

A

amine group of glutamic acid is released as amonia, combined with carbon dioxide, and peed out as urea

z-anatomy 3 (10 decks)

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