Digestive System Flashcards
1
Q
GI components of the pelvic cavity
A
Large intestine
Anus
2
Q
GI components of the abdominal cavity
A
Stomach
Small intestines
3
Q
GI components of the head and neck
A
Mouth
Pharynx
Esophagus
4
Q
6 accessory digestive organs
A
Teeth Tongue Salivary glands Liver Gall bladder Pancreas
5
Q
Propulsion
A
Voluntary and involuntary processes move food through alimentary canal
6
Q
Peristalsis
A
Forward movement of food along GI tract
7
Q
3 steps in peristalsis
A
Contraction of circular muscles behind bolus
Contraction of longitudinal muscles ahead of bolus
Contraction of circular layer forces bolus forward
8
Q
Segmentation
A
Local shimmying on bolus to break it up and mix it with enzymes
9
Q
Mechanical digestion
A
Physically prepares food– mixing with saliva and churning in stomach
10
Q
Chemical digestion
A
Breaks down food into components with enzymes in the mouth and small intestine
11
Q
Mechanoreceptors
A
Sense stretching of stomach wall and triggers churning
12
Q
Chemoreceptors
A
Detects acidity, osmolarity and triggers enzyme release
13
Q
3 reflexes initiated by recpetors
A
Stimulates secretions
Mixing of luminal content
Movement along alimentary canal
14
Q
Absorption
A
Passage from lumen of GI tract into blood. Mostly at small intestine
15
Q
2 components of the Enteric nervous system
A
Submucosal nerve plexus
Myenteric nerve plexus
16
Q
Submucosal nerve plexus
A
Found in submucosa and controls segmentation. Regulates activity of glands and activates smooth muscle of mucosa
17
Q
Myenteric nerve plexus
A
Found between the longitudinal and circular muscle layers of the muscularis externa and controls peristalsis
18
Q
Mesentery
A
Double layer of peritoneum holds GI tract down and contains vascular and neural control, stores fat
19
Q
Lumen
A
Opening in GI tract (tube)
20
Q
Mucosa
A
Innermost lumen layer secretes mucus
21
Q
Submucosa
A
Localized muscle layer in lumen, surrounds mucosa
22
Q
Muscularis Externa
A
Inner circular layer, outer longitudinal layer, with a myenteric nerve plexus between
23
Q
Serosa
A
Outermost lumen layer contributes to the mesentery
24
Q
Parietal peritoneum
A
Walls of abdomen and under diaphragm
25
Visceral Peritoneum
Covers organs
26
Peritoneal Cavity
Potential space between parietal and visceral layers
27
Dorsal mesentery
Starts at the back wall and attaches to an organ
28
Ventral mesentery
Connects two organs, or an organ to the front wall
29
Retroperitoneal
Organs that stick to the posterior abdominal wall, vascular connection through mesentery
30
6 retroperitoneal structures
```
Most of pancreas
Kidneys
Adrenal glands
Duodenum
Part of large intestine
Aorta and IVC
```
31
Lesser Omentum
Ventral mesentery from the lesser curvature of the stomach to the inferior border of the liver
32
Greater omentum
Dorsal mesentery connects greater curvature of the stomach to the posterior wall. Goes around the small intestine and transverse colon
33
Falciform ligament
Ventral mesentery attaches superior surface of liver to the anterior abdominal wall
34
3 branches of abdominal aorta supplying organs
Celiac trunk
Superior mesenteric artery
Inferior mesenteric artery
35
Gingivae
Gums
36
Labial frenulum
Connects teeth to gums
37
Lingual frenulum
Connects tongue to gums
38
Vestibule
Space between lips and teeth
39
Tongue
Interlacing bundles of skeletal muscle
40
Filiform papillae
Surface roughness of tongue manipulates food, smallest and most numerous
41
Circumvallate papillae
Large 10-12 at back of the tongue, contains taste buds, first sensations of amylase
42
Sulcus terminalis
Separates tongue into portions where different nerves innervate-- 2/3 oral cavity (facial nerve), 1/3 oropharynx (hypoglossal) -- covered by lingual tonsil
43
Intrinsic tongue muscle
Shapes tongue but does not change position
44
Extrinsic tongue muscle
Alters tongue position (protrusion, retraction, side-to-side)
45
Adult dental formula
2I, IC, 2PM, 3M x2= 32 teeth
46
Deciduous dental formula
2I, 1C, 2M
47
Root of tooth
Anchored to bony components of oral cavity
48
Dentin
Bulk of the tooth
49
Pulp cavity
Filled with loos connective tissue, vascular and nervous supply
50
Cementum
Calcified material for anchoring
51
Periodontal ligament
Extensions from tooth into bone
52
Gomphosis joint
Fibrous joint between periodontal ligament and cementum
53
Saliva
Solvent that digests starch-- amylase
54
How much saliva do we produce a day?
1- 1.5 L
55
Salivary glands
3 pairs of extrinsic glands innervated by the parasympathetic NS
56
Buccal glands
Intrinsic salivary glands
57
Parotid glands
Exocrine gland anterior to ear, between masseter muscle and skin. Opens into vestibule near second upper molar
58
Which nerve innervates the parotid gland
9
59
Submandibular gland
Along medial aspect of body of the mandible and opens at base of lingual frenulum
60
Which nerve innervates the submandibular gland
7
61
Sublingual gland
Anterior to submandibular gland, opens via 10-12 ducts beneath tongue
62
Which nerve innervates the sublingual gland
7
63
Esophagus
Muscular tube, 25 cm in length
64
Where does the esophagus join the stomach
Cardiac orifice (sphincter near the heart)
65
Empty esophagus
Mucosa and submucosa are in longitudinal folds
66
Full esophagus
Folds flatten and trachealis muscle allows expanding
67
Esophagus musculature
Upper-- skeletal muscle
Middle-- mixed smooth and skeletal
Lower-- smooth muscle
68
Esophagus blood supply
Cervical region-- inferior thyroid artery
| Abdominal region-- left gastric artery
69
GERD
Gastro-esophageal reflux disease. Weakening of muscle compromises cardiac sphincters ability to stay permanently contracted
70
Pyrosis
Heart burn
71
Dysphagia
Painful eating
72
Chyme
Gastric secretions and food
73
Rugae
Longitudinal folds allow stomach to expand
74
Where does the stomach empty into
Duodenum
75
Pyloric region
Distal end of stomach
76
Fundus
Top of stomach
77
Cardia
Tube in heart for cardiac sphincter
78
Sphincters
Made by circular layer of muscularis externa
79
3 layers of the muscularis externa of the stomach
Longitudinal
Circular
Oblique
80
Oblique layer
Innermost layer contributes to churning
81
3 vessels supplying stomach
Celiac trunk
Right gastric artery
Gastroduodenal artery
82
How many unpaired vessels branch off the abdominal aorta?
3
83
3 branches of the celiac trunk
Left gastric-- lesser curvature
Splenic--greater curvature
Hepatic
84
Right gastric artery
Completes blood supply to lesser curvature
85
Gastroduodenal artery
Stomach, intestines and greater curvature
86
Intrinsic factor
Glycoprotein to absorb vitamin B12
87
Gastric motility
Continually mix food with gastric juice
88
Small intestine
3m long with 3 regions
89
Duodenum
Shortest section, C shaped and retroperitoneal. Superior, descending, horizontal and ascending parts
90
2 ducts in duodenum
Common bile duct
| Pancreatic duct
91
Common bile duct
Bile from liver/gall bladder regulated in duodenum
92
Pancreatic duct
Pancreatic secretions
93
2 vessels supplying the duodenum
Celiac trunk
| Superior mesentery
94
Peptic ulcer disease
Erosion of the lining of stomach or small intestine, usually gastric or duodenal
95
3 causes of ulcers
Heliobacter pylori
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS)
Hyper secretion of HCl
96
Erosion ulcer
Innermost mucosa layer is compromised
97
Acute ulcer
Perforated up to the oblique layer
98
Perforating ulcer
Outermost serosa is compromised and stomach contents leak into abdominal cavity
99
Jejunum
Main site of absorption. Larger lumen with greater vasculature and more folds
100
Ileum
Terminal portion with thinner walls, fewer folds and less vasculature
101
Ileocecal valve
Empties ileum contents into cecum
102
Large intestine
Extends from ileocecal valve to anus. Half the lengt, but greater diameter than small intestine
103
5 parts of the large intestine
```
Cecum
Ascending colon
Transverse
Descending
Sigmoid
```
104
Hepatic flexure
Right sight of large intestine folds over liver
105
Splenic flexure
Left side of large intestine folds over spleen
106
Teniae Coli
Three longitudinal ribbons of smooth muscle on the outside of the large intestine. Mesocolic, Free, omental
107
Haustra
Teniae coli contract length wise to produce bulges in the colon
108
Omental appendicies
Small pouches of peritoneum filled with fat, along the colon but absent in the rectum
109
Parts of the large intestine supplied by superior mesenteric artery
Ascending and transverse colon
110
Parts of the large intestine supplied by inferior mesenteric artery
Descending
Sigmoid
Rectum
111
Rectum
Last 20 cm, anterior to sacrum and attached to perineum
112
Anal canal
Opening containing internal and external anal sphincters
113
Levator Ani
Opens sphincter during defecation
114
Crohn's disease
Chronic inflammatory disease leading to mucosal ulceration
115
Areas effected by Crohns
50% ileum/ascending
30% ileum/jejunum
20% large intestine
116
Transumbilical plane
Horizontal, through umbilicus-- L3/L4 vertebrae
117
Median plane
Longitudinal through body cutting it into left and right
118
RUQ (9)
```
Right lobe of liver
Gall bladder
Duodenum
Head of pancreas
Kidney
Adrenal gland
Hepatic flexure
Transverse colon
Pyoric region of stomach
```
119
LUQ (7)
```
Liver
Body and tail of pancreas
Kidney
Adrenal gland
Splenic flexure
Transverse colon
Most of stomach
```
120
RLQ (7)
```
Cecum
Appendix
Ileum
Ascending colon
Ovary
Uterine tube
Ureter
```
121
LLQ (6)
```
Sigmoid colon
Jejunum
Descending colon
Ovary
Uterine tube
Ureter
```
122
Bile
Helps break down fat
123
Liver
Largest internal organ, processes nutrients and secrets bile
124
4 liver lobes
Right
Left
Quadrate
Caudate-- more posterior, above porta hepatis
125
Falciform ligament
Ventral mesentery separates right and left lobes of liver
126
Ligamentum teres
Dangly bit of liver attaches to anterior wall
127
Porta hepatis
(portal triad) Hepatic portal vein, hepatic artery and bile duct
128
5 functions of the liver
```
Process nutrients in blood
Store glucose and glycogen
Store fat soluble vitamins
Remove toxic substances
Produce bile
```
129
Hepatocytes
Liver cells produce bile
130
Hepatic portal vein
Union of superior mesenteric and splenic veins. Deliver nutrients to liver for processing and storage
131
Liver lobule
Hepatic portal triads at the periphery and a central vein in the middle
132
Canniculus
First and smallest branch of bile collecting system. Travels in opposite direction as blood
133
Sinusioid
Blood filled space between walls of hepatocytes
134
Kupffer Cells
Immune like cells in between walls of hepatocytes, destroy dead blood cells and detoxify
135
Hepatic plate
Sinusoid and walls of liver cells that surround them. 1-2 hepatocytes thick, separated by sinusoid
136
Blood in liver
70% deoxygenated, but nutrient rich blood from portal vein
| 30% is oxygenated from hepatic artery
137
Gall bladder
Attached under the right lobe of liver, concentrates and stores bile
138
Fundus of gall bladder
Big superior bulge, followed by body and neck
139
Common bile duct
Cystic duct carries stored bile to join with common hepatic duct
140
Cholecystitis
Inflammation of gall bladder
141
Gall stones
Crystallization of bile
142
3 locations of gall stones
Gall bladder
Neck or cystic duct
Common bile duct
143
Cholecystokinin (CCK)
Stimulated by chyme entering duodenum, releases pancreatic juices and bile, relaxes hepatopancreatic sphincter
144
Endocrine function of pancreas
Pancreatic islets produce insulin and glucagon
145
Exocrine function of pancreas
Pancreatic acini make juices
146
Acinar cells
Secrete 1L of digestive enzymes a day
147
Secretin
Released in response to HCl, bicarbonate rich pancreatic juice neutralizes acid
148
What does protein and fat trigger release of
Protein-- enzymes
| Fat-- bile
149
Gall bladder blood supply
Branches of hepatic artery
150
Pancreas blood supply
Splenic artery supplies distal end, superior mesenteric supplies head and neck
